Introduction

1. World Health Organization. (2024, December 23). “Noncommunicable Diseases.” https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/noncommunicable-diseases.
2. Ibid.
3. World Health Organization. (2025, May 7). “Obesity and Overweight.” https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight.
4. Hayes TO, Gillian S. (2020, September 10). “Chronic Disease in the United States: A Wors- ening Health and Economic Crisis.” American Action Forum. https://www.americanactionforum.org/research/chronic-disease-in-the-united- states-a-worsening-health-and-economic-crisis.
5. Office of People Analytics, Department of Defense. (2022, March). Qualified Military Avail- able (QMA): Technical Report. OPA Report No. 2022- 085. https://www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/FOID/Reading%20Room/Personnel_Related/23-F-1060_QMA_Technical_Report_Mar_2022.pdf.
6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022, July). “Unfit to Serve: Obesity and Physical Inactivity Are Impacting National Security.” https://www.cdc.gov/physicalactivity/downloads/unfit-to-serve-062322-5 08.pdf.
7. World Health Organization. (2005, August 11). “The Bangkok Charter for Health Promo- tion in a Globalized World.” https://www.afro.who.int/sites/default/files/2017-06/hpr%20The%20Bangkok%20Charter.pdf.
8. World Health Organization. (2023, March 21). “Commercial Determinants of Health.” https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/commercial-determinants-of-health.
9. World Health Organization. (n.d.). “SAFER: Raise Prices on Alcohol Through Excise Taxes and Pricing Policies.” https://www.who.int/initiatives/SAFER/pricing-policies. Accessed August 19, 2025.
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12. Philpott T. (2012, August 15). “80 Percent of Public Schools Have Contracts with Coke or Pepsi.” Mother Jones. https://www.motherjones.com/food/2012/08/schools-limit-campus-junk-food-have-lower-obesity-rates/.
13. Morgan K. (2025). Serving the Public: The Good Food Revolution in Schools, Hospitals, and Pris- ons. Manchester University Press.
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17. Murphy SL, Kochanek KD, Xu J, et al. (2024, December). “Mortality in the United States, 2023.” NCHS Data Brief No. 521. National Center for Health Statistics. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db521.htm.
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CHAPTER 1

1. Waters H, Graf M. (2018, August.) “The Costs of Chronic Disease in the U.S.” Milken Institute. https://milkeninstitute.org/sites/default/files/reports-pdf/ChronicDiseases-HighRes-FINAL_0.pdf.
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4. Lane MM, Gamage E, Du S, et al. (2024, February 28). “Ultra- Processed Food Exposure and Adverse Health Outcomes: Umbrella Review of Epidemiological Meta- Analyses.” BMJ. 384:e077310. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2023-077310.
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CHAPTER 2

1. Javers E, Breuninger K. (2025, January 21). “Trump Announces AI Infrastructure Invest- ment Backed by Oracle, OpenAI and SoftBank.” CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2025/01/21/trump-ai-openai-oracle-softbank.html.
2. Forbes Breaking News. (2025, January 23). “Larry Ellison: This Is How AI Can Help Cre- ate a ‘Cancer Vaccine.’ YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ON-uS-S9cDU.
3. Lane MM, Gamage E, Du S, et al. (2024, February 28). “Ultra- Processed Food Exposure and Adverse Health Outcomes: Umbrella Review of Epidemiological Meta- Analyses.” BMJ 384:e077310. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2023-077310.
4. Siegel KR, McKeever Bullard K, Imperatore G, et al. (2016, August 1). “Association of Higher Consumption of Foods Derived from Subsidized Commodities with Adverse Car- diometabolic Risk Among US Adults.” JAMA Internal Medicine 176(8):1124– 32. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.2410.
5. Murphy SL, Kochanek KD, Xu J, et al. (2024, December). “Mortality in the United States, 2023.” NCHS Data Brief No. 521. National Center for Health Statistics. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db521.htm.
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7. Black SE, Duzett N, Lleras- Muney A, et al. (2024, May). “Intergenerational Transmission of Lifespan in the US.” Working Paper no. 31034. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w31034.
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9. National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2024, August). “Drug Overdose Deaths: Facts and Figures.” https://www.nida.nih.gov/research-topics/trends-statistics/overdose-death-rates.
10. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2024, October 24). “Heart Disease Facts.” https://www.cdc.gov/heart-disease/data-research/facts-stats/index.html.
11. US Department of Health and Human Services. (2025, July 22). “Mortality Dashboard.” National Center for Health Statistics. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/vsrr/mortality-dashboard.htm.
12. Dwyer- Lindgren L, Bertozzi- Villa A, Stubbs RW, et al. (2017, July). “Inequalities in Life Expectancy Among US Counties, 1980 to 2014: Temporal Trends and Key Drivers.” JAMA Internal Medicine 177(7): 1003– 11. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.0918.
13. Manzel A, Muller DN, Hafler DA, et al. (2014, January). “Role of ‘Western Diet’ in Inflam- matory Autoimmune Diseases.” Current Allergy and Asthma Reports 14(1):404. doi: 10.1007 /s11882-0 13-0 404-6.
14. Li Y, Lv MR, Wei YJ, et al. (2017, July). “Dietary Patterns and Depression Risk: A Meta- Analysis.” Psychiatry Research 253:373– 82. 398 Notes
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16. Afshin A, Sur PJ, Fay K, et al. “Health Effects of Dietary Risks in 195 Countries, 1990–2 017: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017.” The Lancet. 2019 Apr 4. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(19)30041-8/fulltext.
17. Worldometer. (2024, April 13). “COVID-19 Coronavirus Pandemic.” https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus.
18. World Health Organization. (2024, December 23). “Noncommunicable Diseases.” https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/noncommunicable-diseases.
19. Christakis NA, Fowler JH. (2007, July 26). “The Spread of Obesity in a Large Social Net- work Over 32 Years.” New England Journal of Medicine 357(4):370– 79. DOI: 10.1056/ NEJMsa066082; Powell K, Wilcox J, Clonan A, et al. (2015, September 30). “The Role of Social Networks in the Development of Overweight and Obesity Among Adults: A Scop- ing Review.” BMC Public Health 15:996. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-2314-0.
20. Ludwig J, Sanbonmatsu L, Gennetian L, et al. (2011, October 20). “Neighborhoods, Obe- sity, and Diabetes— A Randomized Social Experiment.” New England Journal of Medicine. 365(16):1509– 19. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMsa1103216.
21. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2006, September 14). “State- Specific Pre- valence of Obesity Among Adults— United States, 2005.” https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5536a1.htm.
22. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2006, September 14). “State- Specific Pre- valence of Obesity Among Adults— United States, 2005.” https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5536a1.htm.
23. Hample SE, Hassink SG, Skinner AC, et al. (2023, January 9). “Executive Summary: Clin- ical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Treatment of Children and Adolescents with Obesity.” American Academy of Pediatrics. https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/151/2/e2022060641/190440/Executive-Summary-Clinical-Practice-Guideline-for.
24. O’Mary L. (2024, November 26). “White House Wants Medicare, Medicaid to Cover GLP-1 Drugs.” WebMD. https://www.webmd.com/obesity/news/20241126/white-house-wants-medicare-medicaid-to-cover-glp-1-drugs.
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26. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. (2025, June 24). “NHE Fact Sheet.” https://www.cms.gov/data-research/statistics-trends-and-reports/national-health-expenditure-data/nhe-fact-sheet.
27. Baraldi LG, Martinez SE, Cannella DS, et al. (2018, March 9). “Consumption of Ultra- Processed Foods and Associated Sociodemographic Factors in the USA Between 2007 and 2012: Evidence from a Nationally Representative Cross- Sectional Study.” BMJ Open 8:e020574. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020574.
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29. Via M. (2012, March 15). “The Malnutrition of Obesity: Micronutrient Deficiencies That Promote Diabetes.” ISRN Endocrinology 2012:103472. doi:10.5402/2012/103472.
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31. World Bank. (n.d.). “Agriculture and Food.” https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/agriculture/overview. Accessed May 27, 2018. Notes 399
32. Holt- Gimenez E. (2014, December 18). “We Already Grow Enough Food for 10 Billion People— and Still Can’t End Hunger.” HuffPost. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/world-hunger_n_1463429.
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36. Innovative Health Initiative. (2023, March 3). “Better Understanding the Genetic Link Between Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes.” https://www.ihi.europa.eu/news-events/newsroom/better-understanding-genetic-link-between-obesity-and-type-2-diabetes.
37. Schnabel L, Kesse- Guyot E, Allès B, et al. (2019, February 11). “Association Between Ultraprocessed Food Consumption and Risk of Mortality Among Middle- Aged Adults in France.” JAMA Internal Medicine 179(4):490– 98. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.728.
38. Park A. (2019, February 21). “Why Food Could Be the Best Medicine of All.” Time. http:// time.com/longform/food-b est-m edicine/.
39. Feinberg AT, Hess A, Passaretti M, et al. (2018, April 10). “Prescribing Food as a Specialty Drug.” NJEM Catalyst. https://catalyst.nejm.org/prescribing-fresh-food-farmacy/.
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46. Hallberg SJ, McKenzie AL, Williams PT, et al. (2018, February 7). “Effectiveness and Safety of a Novel Care Model for the Management of Type 2 Diabetes at 1 Year: An Open- Label, Non- Randomized, Controlled Study.” Diabetes Therapy 9(2):583– 612. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13300-018-0373-9.
47. Virta Health. (n.d.). Website. https://www.virtahealth.com/. Accessed August 19, 2025. 400 Notes

CHAPTER 3

1. Regmi A, Gehlhar M. (2005, February 1). “New Directions in Global Food Markets.” AIB- 794. US Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. https://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/pub-details?pubid=42591.
2. Scapin T, Romaniuk H, Feeley A, et al. (2025, March 3). “Global Food Retail Environ- ments Are Increasingly Dominated by Large Chains and Linked to the Rising Prevalence of Obesity.” Nature Food 6(3):283–2 95. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-025-01134-x.
3. Jacobs A, Richtel M. (2017, September 16). “How Big Business Got Brazil Hooked on Junk Food.” New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/09/16/health/brazil-obesity-nestle.html.
4. Dunlop S. (2025, February 27). “Yum’s Digital Strategy, Strong International Footprint Underpin Robust Long- Term Growth Prospects.” Morningstar. https://www.morningstar.com/company-reports/1267078-yums-digital-strategy-strong-international-footprint-underpin-robust-long-term-growth-prospects.
5. Dhanjal SS, Tandon S. (2015, September 29). “With Sapphire Foods Franchisee, Yum Reorganizes India Business.” Mint. https://www.livemint.com/Companies/jChCarxfXopS8iiI5X4E7H/With-Sapphire-Foods-franchisee-Yum-reorganizes-India-busine.html.
6. Searcey D, Richtel M. (2017, October 2). “Obesity Was Rising as Ghana Embraced Fast Food. Then Came KFC.” New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/02/health/ghana-kfc-obesity.html.
7. Pereira MA, Kartashov AI, Ebbeling CB, et al. (2005, January). “Fast- Food Habits, Weight Gain, and Insulin Resistance (The CARDIA Study): 15-Year Prospective Analysis.” The Lancet 365(9453):36–4 2. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(04)17663-0.
8. Seeking Alpha. (2018, December 7). “Yum! Brands, Inc. (YUM) CEO Greg Creed Hosts 2018 Investor and Analyst Day Conference (Transcript).” https://seekingalpha.com/article/4227124-yum-brands-inc-yum-ceo-greg-creed-hosts-2018-investor-analyst-day-conference-transcript.
9. World Health Organization. (n.d.). “Obesity.” https://www.who.int/health-topics/obesity#tab=tab_1. Accessed August 5, 2025.
10. Ibid.
11. NCD Risk Factor Collaboration. (2024, March 16). “Worldwide Trends in Underweight and Obesity from 1990 to 2022: A Pooled Analysis of 3663 Population- Representative Studies with 222 Million Children, Adolescents, and Adults.” The Lancet 403(10431):1027– 50. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(23)02750-2/fulltext.
12. Doak CM, Adair LS, Bentley M, et al. (2005, January). “The Dual Burden Household and the Nutrition Transition Paradox.” International Journal of Obesity 29(1):129– 36. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0802824.
13. Khan M. (2006, March 1). “The Dual Burden of Overweight and Underweight in Develop- ing Countries.” Population Reference Bureau. https://www.prb.org/resources/the-dual-burden-of-overweight-and-underweight-in-developing-countries/.
14. Dunkin may no longer operate in China, so this is a retrospective observation.
15. NCD Risk Factor Collaboration. (2024, November 23). “Worldwide Trends in Diabetes Prevalence and Treatment from 1990 to 2022: A Pooled Analysis of 1,108 Population- Representative Studies with 141 Million Participants.” The Lancet 404(10467):2077–9 3. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(24)02317-1/fulltext.
16. Muralidharan S. (2024, January– March). “Diabetes and Current Indian Scenario: A Narra- tive Review.” Journal of Diabetology 15:12– 17. https://journals.lww.com/jodb/fulltext/2024/15010/diabetes_and_current_indian_scenario__a_narrative.3.aspx. Notes 401
17. Anand G. (2017, December 26). “One Man’s Stand Against Junk Food as Diabetes Climbs Across India.” New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/26/health/india-diabetes-junk-food.html.
18. Apollo Hospitals. (2025, February 18). “How Obesity in India is the Rising Cause of Heart Diseases.” https://www.apollohospitals.com/health-library/how-obesity-in-india-is-the-rising-cause-of-heart-diseases.
19. Ali MK, Narayan KMV, Tandon N. (2010, November). “Diabetes and Coronary Heart Disease: Current Perspectives.” Indian Journal of Medical Research 132(5):584– 97. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21150011/.
20. Shrivastav S. (2015, April 8). “Heart, Lung Diseases Now Leading Killers in India.” Times of India. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/heart-lung-diseases-now-leading-killers-in-india/articleshow/46843861.cms.
21. Dhamnetiya D, Patel P, Jha RP, et al. (2021, November 16). “Trends in Incidence and Mortal- ity of Tuberculosis in India over Past Three Decades: A Joinpoint and Age- Period- Cohort Analysis.” BMC Pulmonary Medicine 21(1):375. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12890-021-01740-y.
22. Rukmini S. (2025, July 30). “India’s Disease Transition.” Data for India. https://www.dataforindia.com/indias-disease-transition/.
23. International Diabetes Federation. (2025). IDF Diabetes Atlas 2025. https://diabetesatlas.org/resources/idf-diabetes-atlas-2025/.
24. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2024, May 15). “1 in 3 Americans Have Pre- diabetes Social Media Graphic.” https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/communication-resources/1-in-3-americans.html.
25. Abuyassin B, Laher I. (2016, April 25). “Diabetes Epidemic Sweeping the Arab World.” World Journal of Diabetes 7(8):165– 74. https://doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v7.i8.165. 2 6. Ibid.
26. Ibid.
27. Al-Daghri NM, Alharbi NS, Jones A, et al. (2014). “Trends in the Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Obesity in the Arabian Gulf States: A Systematic Review and Meta- Analysis.” Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 106(2):e30– e33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2014.08.019.
28. Jacobs A, Richtel M. (2017, December 11). “A Nasty, Nafta- Related Surprise: Mexico’s Soaring Obesity.” New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/11/health/obesity-mexico-nafta.html.
29. Suhartono M. (2018, August 12). “In Thailand, ‘Obesity in Our Monks Is a Ticking Time Bomb.’ ” New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/12/world/asia/thailand-monks-obesity.html.
30. Cochrane L, Vimonsuknopparat S. “Thai Buddhist Monks’ Health Suffering from Sugary Drinks.” ABC News Australia. May 27, 2018. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-05-28/thai-buddhist-monks-health-ruined-by-sugary-drinks/9711412.
31. Dinu M, Pagliai G, Sofi F, et al. (2022, April 22). “Consumption of Ultra- Processed Foods Is Inversely Associated with Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet: A Cross- Sectional Study.” Nutrients 14(10):2073. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14102073.
32. European Association for the Study of Obesity and World Health Organization. (2021, May 11). “WHO Joint Session Including the Results of the Latest Childhood Obesity Surveil- lance Initiative (COSI) Report.” https://easo.org/who-joint-session-including-the-results-of-the-latest-childhood-obesity-surveillance-initiative-cosi-report.
33. Committee on the Evaluation of the Addition of Ingredients New to Infant Formula, Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. (2004). “Comparing Infant Formulas with Human Milk.” In Infant Formula: Evaluating the Safety of New Ingredients. National Academies Press. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK215837/. 402 Notes
34. Farmer JJ. (2015, November 27). “My 40-Year History with Cronobacter/Enterobacter s akazakii— Lessons Learned, Myths Debunked, and Recommendations.” Frontiers in Pediat- rics 3:84. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4662064/.
35. US Food and Drug Administration. (2005, May). “CPG Sec. 555.425 Foods, Adulteration Involving Hard or Sharp Foreign Objects.” https://www.fda.gov/media/71953/download.
36. Kappes W. (2025, March 19). “Baby Formula Under Scrutiny as Study Finds Heavy- Metal Contamination.” The Bump. https://www.thebump.com/news/baby-formula-contaminants-study.
37. Greenhouse L. (1986, May 31). “Consumer Saturday: Safeguards on Baby Formula.” New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1986/05/31/style/consumer-saturday-safeguards-on-baby-formula.html.
38. Anttila- Hughes JK, Fernald LCH, Gertler PJ, et al. (2025, January). “Mortality from Nestlé’s Marketing of Infant Formula in Low and Middle- Income Countries.” Working Paper no. 24452. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w24452/w24452.pdf
39. UNICEF and World Health Organization. (2022). “How the Marketing of Formula Milk Influences Our Decisions on Infant Feeding.” https://www.unicef.org/media/115916/file/Multi-country.
40. Dunford EK, Scully M, Coyle D. (2024, August 12). “Commercially- Produced Infant and Toddler Foods— How Healthy Are They? An Evaluation of Products Sold in Australian Supermarkets.” Maternal and Child Nutrition 20(4):e13709. https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.13709.
41. World Health Organization. (1981, January 27). International Code of Marketing of Breast- Milk Substitutes. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9241541601.
42. Rips- Goodwin AR, Jun D, Griebel- Thompson A, et al. (2025, May). “US Infant Formulas Contain Primarily Added Sugars: An Analysis of Infant Formulas on the US Market.” Jour- nal of Food Composition and Analysis 141:107369. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889157525001838.
43. Ferdinand P. (2025, May 11). “Most U.S. Infant Formulas Contain Mainly Added Sugars, Posing a Serious Risk to Babies’ Health.” Green Social Thought. https://www.greensocialthought.org/less-what-we-dont-need/most-u-s-infant-formulas-contain-mainly-added -sugars-posing-a-serious-risk-to-babies-health.
44. Jacobs A, Richtel M. (2017, September 16). “How Big Business Got Brazil Hooked on Junk Food.” New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/09/16/health/brazil-obesity-nestle.html. 4 6. Ibid.
45. Ibid.
46. Jacobs A. (2018, February 7). “In Sweeping War on Obesity, Chile Slays Tony the Tiger.” New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/07/health/obesity-chile-sugar-regulations.html.
47. Ibid.
48. Denecken AA. (2018, July). “Development and Implementation Processes of the Food Labeling and Advertising Law in Chile.” Global Delivery Initiative. https://www.effectivecooperation.org/system/files/2021-06/GDI%20Case%20Study%20-%20Food%20Labeling %20and%20Advertising%20Law%20in%20Chile.pdf.
49. Kolker C. (2024, March 13). “A Decade After Its Pioneering Food Law, Where Does Chile’s Obesity Crisis Stand?” The Examination. https://www.theexamination.org/articles/a-decade-after-its-pioneering-food-law-where-does-chile-s-obesity-crisis-stand.
50. Denecken AA. (2018, July). “Development and Implementation Processes of the Food Labeling and Advertising Law in Chile.” Global Delivery Initiative. https://www.Notes403.effectivecooperation.org/system/files/2021-06/GDI%20Case%20Study%20-%20Food%20 Labeling%20and%20Advertising%20Law%20in%20Chile.pdf. 5 3. Ibid.
51. Jacobs A. (2018, February 7). “In Sweeping War on Obesity, Chile Slays Tony the Tiger.” New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/07/health/obesity-chile-sugar-regulations.html.
52. Denecken AA. (2018, July). “Development and Implementation Processes of the Food Labeling and Advertising Law in Chile.” Global Delivery Initiative. https://www.effectivecooperation.org/system/files/2021-06/GDI%20Case%20Study%20-%20Food%20Labeling %20and%20Advertising%20Law%20in%20Chile.pdf.
53. Jacobs A. (2018, February 7). “In Sweeping War on Obesity, Chile Slays Tony the Tiger.” New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/07/health/obesity-chile-sugar-regulations.html.
54. Denecken AA. (2018, July). “Development and Implementation Processes of the Food Labeling and Advertising Law in Chile.” Global Delivery Initiative. https://www.effectivecooperation.org/system/files/2021-06/GDI%20Case%20Study%20-%20Food%20Labeling %20and%20Advertising%20Law%20in%20Chile.pdf.
55. Swinburn BA, Kraak V, Allender S, et al. (2019, February 23). “The Global Syndemic of Obesity, Undernutrition, and Climate Change: The Lancet Commission Report.” The Lan- cet. January 27, 2019. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(18)32822-8/fulltext.
56. Environmental Working Group. (2016, February 25). “Food Lobby Spends $101 Million in 2015 to Avert GMO Labeling.” https://www.ewg.org/research/food-lobby-spends-101-million-2015-avert-gmo-labeling.
57. Global Food Research Program at UNC Chapel Hill. (2025, March). “Front-of-Package Labels Around the World.” https://www.globalfoodresearchprogram.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/GFRP-UNC_FOPL_maps_2025_3.pdf.
58. Global Food Research Program at UNC Chapel Hill. (2025, March). “Front-of-Package Labels Around the World.” https://www.globalfoodresearchprogram.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/GFRP-UNC_FOPL_maps_2025_3.pdf.
59. Pineda E, Beaney TE. (2025, June). “Potassium- Enriched Salt: A New Era for UK Salt Reduction?” The Lancet Public Health 10(6): E436– 37. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(25)00074-X.
60. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2025, January 14). “FDA Proposes Requiring At-a-Glance Nutrition Information on the Front of Packaged Foods.” Press release. https:// www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda- proposes-requiring-glance-nutrition -information-front-packaged-foods.

CHAPTER 4

1. Khemlani A. (2021, May 1). “Buffett on Failed Health Care Venture Haven: ‘We Were Fighting a Tapeworm in the American Economy, and the Tapeworm Won.’ ” Yahoo Finance. https://finance.yahoo.com/news/buffett-on-failed-health-care-venture-haven-we-were-fighting-a-tapeworm-in-the-american-economy-and-the-tapeworm-won-220812439.html.
2. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. (2024, December 18). “National Health Expenditure Data: Historical.” https://www.cms.gov/data-research/statistics-trends-and-reports/national-health-expenditure-data/historical.
3. Task Force on Fiscal Policy for Health. (2024). “Health Taxes: A Compelling Policy for the Crises of Today.” Bloomberg Philanthropies. https://assets.bbhub.io/dotorg/sites/64/2024/09/Health-Taxes-A-Compelling-Policy-for-the-Crises-of-Today.pdf. 404 Notes
4. World Health Organization. (2022). WHO Manual on Sugar- Sweetened Beverage Taxation Policies to Promote Healthy Diets. https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/365285/9789240056299-eng.pdf.
5. City of Philadelphia, Department of Revenue. (n.d.). “Philadelphia Beverage Tax (PBT).” https://www.phila.gov/services/payments-assistance-taxes/taxes/business-taxes/business-taxes-by-type/philadelphia-beverage-t ax-pbt/. Accessed August 5, 2025.
6. City Controller, City of Philadelphia. (2024, March). “Philadelphia Beverage Tax Eclipses $500 Million in Revenue.” https://controller.phila.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/MMM-March-.pdf-new.pdf.
7. San Francisco Department of Public Health. (2023, March). “San Francisco Sugary Drinks Distributor Tax (SDDT): Evaluation Report 2021– 2022.” https://www.sf.gov/sites/default/files/2023-03/21-22_SDDT_EvalReport_final_2_28_23.pdf.
8. Ibid.
9. Bishari NS. (2018, May 29). “Soda Tax Starts Paying Off.” SF Weekly. https://www.sfweekly.com/archives/soda-tax-starts-paying-off/article_06c7b515-78d7-5117-92a4-a7bc3a759bd5.html.
10. Patel AI, Schmidt LA. (2017, September). “Water Access in the United States: Health Dis- parities Abound and Solutions Are Urgently Needed.” American Journal of Public Health 107(9):1354–5 6. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2017.303972.
11. Gibbs S. (2016, November 8). “Putting Sugary Soda out of Reach.” New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/08/well/eat/putting-sugary-soda-out-of-reach.html.
12. Epel ES, Hartman A, Jacobs LM, et al. (2020, January 1). “Association of a Workplace Sales Ban on Sugar- Sweetened Beverages with Employee Consumption of Sugar- Sweetened Beverages and Health.” JAMA Internal Medicine 180(1):9–1 6. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed .2019.4434.
13. Malhotra A, Lustig R. (2018, May 10). “Tax Sugary Foods to Reverse Type 2 Diabetes Epi- demic Within 3 Years.” Press release. https://www.dietdoctor.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Press-Release-Tax-Sugary-Food-To-Reverse-Type-2-Diabetes.pdf.
14. Bhushan R. (2017, June 3). “Virat Kohli Not Keen on Endorsing Pepsi Any More, May Pick Another Healthier Brand.” Economic Times (India). https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/advertising/virat-kohli-not-keen-on-endorsing-pepsi-any-more-may-pick-another-healthier-brand-from-pepsico/articleshow/58969143.cms.
15. Valinksy J. (2025, March 26). “Steph Curry and Michelle Obama Team Up to Create a Sports Drink.” CNN Business. https://www.cnn.com/2025/03/26/food/steph-curry-sports-drink-plezi.
16. Leasca S. (2017, October 19). “Tom Brady Follows a Super- Strict Diet, So Why Is He Promoting a Candy Company?” Men’s Health. https://www.menshealth.com/trending-news/a19539041/tom-brady-diet-unreal-candy/.
17. US Department of Agriculture and US Department of Health and Human Services. (2020, December). Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2020– 2025 (9th ed.). https://www.dietaryguidelines.gov/sites/default/files/2021-03/Dietary_Guidelines_for_Americans-2020-2025.pdf.
18. Emmert- Fees KM, Amies- Cull B, Wawro N, et al. (2023, November 21). “Projected Health and Economic Impacts of Sugar- Sweetened Beverage Taxation Scenarios in Ger- many: A Cross- Validation Modelling Study.” PLOS Medicine 20(11). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1004311; Zhao F, Gidwani R, Wang MC, et al. (2025, January 13). “Evalua- tion of the Soda Tax on Obesity and Diabetes in California: A Cost- Effectiveness Analysis.” MDM Policy and Practice, 10(1):e25814683241309669. https://doi.org/10.1177/23814683241309669; Lee MM, Barrett JL, Kenney EL, et al. (2024, January). “A Sugar- Sweetened Bev- erage Excise Tax in California: Projected Benefits for Population Obesity and Health Notes 405 Equity.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 66(1):94–1 03. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2023.08.004.
19. Lee Y, Mozaffarian D, Sy S, et al. (2020, June 22). “Health Impact and Cost- effectiveness of Volume, Tiered, and Absolute Sugar Content Sugar- Sweetened Beverage Tax Policies in the United States: A Microsimulation Study.” Circulation 142(6):523– 34. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.042956.
20. World Bank. (2023, October). “Global SSB Tax Database.” https://ssbtax.worldbank.org/.
21. Al-Jawaldeh A, Perucic A-M, Hammerich A, et al. (2024, December 3). “A Review of Sugar- Sweetened Beverages Taxation in Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates.” Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 30(11):746– 56. https://doi.org/10.26719/2024.30.11.746.
22. World Bank. (2023, October). “Global SSB Tax Database.” https://ssbtax.worldbank.org/.
23. Onagan FCC, Ho BLC, Chua KKT. (2018, December 1). “Development of a Sweetened Beverage Tax, Philippines.” Bulletin of the World Health Organization 97(2):154– 59. https:// doi.org/10.2471/BLT.18.220459.
24. O’Connor A. (2016, January 7). “Mexican Soda Tax Followed by Drop in Sugary Drink Sales.” New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/07/health/mexican-soda-tax-followed-by-drop-in-sugary-drink-sales.html.
25. Colchero MA, Molina M, Guerrero- López CM. (2017, June 14). “After Mexico Imple- mented a Tax, Purchases of Sugar- Sweetened Beverages Decreased and Water Increased: Difference by Place of Residence, Household Composition and Income Level.” Journal of Nutrition 147(8):1552– 57. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.117.251892.
26. Sánchez- Romero LM, Penko J, Coxson PG, et al. (2016, November 1.) “Projected Impact of Mexico’s Sugar- Sweetened Beverage Tax Policy on Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease: A Modeling Study.” PLOS Medicine 13(11):e1002158. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27802278.
27. World Bank. (2023, October). “Global SSB Tax Database.” https://ssbtax.worldbank.org/.
28. Lee MM, Falbe J, Schillinger D, et al. (2019, March 13). “Sugar- Sweetened Beverage Con- sumption 3 Years After the Berkeley, California, Sugar- Sweetened Beverage Tax.” American Journal of Public Health 109(4):637– 39. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2019.304971.
29. Langellier BA, Lê-Scherban F, Purtle J, et al. (2017, September). “Funding Quality Pre- Kindergarten Slots with Philadelphia’s New ‘Sugary Drink Tax’: Simulating Effects of Using an Excise Tax to Address a Social Determinant of Health.” Public Health Nutrition 20(13):2450– 58. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1368980017001756.
30. Bailey M. (2016, October 24). “More Hospitals Are Refusing to Sell Sugary Drinks. And That’s Angering Some Workers.” Stat. https://www.statnews.com/2016/10/24/hospitals-selling-sugary-drinks.
31. Rudavsky S. (2013, May 16). “Ind. Hospitals’ Rx: No Sugary Drinks.” USA Today. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/05/16/hospitals-no-sugary-drinks/2192673.
32. Partnership for a Healthier America. (n.d.) “Hospital Healthier Food Initiative.” https://www.ahealthieramerica.org/articles/hospital-healthier-food-initiative-4. Accessed August 19, 2025.
33. Spector K. (2010, July 24). “Sugar- Sweetened Food, Beverages No Longer Will Be Sold at the Cleveland Clinic.” Cleveland Plain Dealer. https://www.cleveland.com/healthfit/2010/07/sugar-sweetened_food_beverages.html.

CHAPTER 5

1. US House Committee on Agriculture. (2017, February 16). “Pros and Cons of Restricting SNAP Purchases.” Hearing Before the Committee on Agriculture, 115th Congress, 2nd session. https://agriculture.house.gov/uploadedfiles/115-02_-_24325.pdf. 406 Notes
2. The report showed that about 7 percent of SNAP dollars are spent on sugar- sweetened bev- erages. At the 2023 SNAP funding level of $112 billion, that works out to more than $7 billion per year.
3. O’Connor A. (2017, January 13). “In the Shopping Cart of a Food Stamp Household: Lots of Soda.” New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/13/well/eat/food-stamp-snap-soda.html; Carpenter M. (2025, May 2). “Why It’s Still Unclear Exactly How Much Ban- ning Soda from SNAP Could Improve Health.” Stat. https://www.statnews.com/2025/05/02/snap-soda-estrictions-expert-calls-for-pilot-program-testing-before-outright-bans.
4. Hyman M. (2018, April 9). “Our Food System: An Invisible Form of Oppression.” https://drhyman.com/blog/2018/04/09/our-food-system-an-invisible-form-of-oppression/.
5. USDA Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service. (2016, November). “Foods Typically Purchased by Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) House- holds (Summary).” https://fns-prod.azureedge.us/sites/default/files/ops/SNAPFoodsTypicallyPurchased-S ummary.pdf.
6. Conrad Z, Rehm CD, Wilde P, et al. (2017, March). “Cardiometabolic Mortality by Sup- plemental Nutrition Assistance Program Participation and Eligibility in the United States.” American Journal of Public Health 107(3):466– 74. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2016.303608.
7. US Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. (2025, July 24). “Supplemen- tal Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)— Key Statistics and Research.” https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-nutrition-assistance/supplemental-nutrition-assistance-program-snap/key-statistics-and-research.
8. Hacıog˘lu Hoke S. (2025, February 28). “How Were Extra SNAP Benefits Spent?” Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. https://doi.org/10.17016/2380-7172.3655
9. US Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service. (2025, January 24). Characteris- tics of SNAP Households: FY 2014. https://www.fns.usda.gov/research/snap/characteristics-households-fy-2014.
10. Ibid.
11. Leung CW, Ding EL, Catalano PJ, et al. (2012, November). “Dietary Intake and Dietary Quality of Low- Income Adults in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program.” Ameri- can Journal of Clinical Nutrition;96(5):977–8 8. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.112.040014.
12. Aussenberg RA, Billings KC. (2025, January 7). “Farm Bill Primer: SNAP and Nutrition Title Programs.” IF12255. Congressional Research Service. https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/IF12255.
13. Moran AJ, Musicus A, Gorski Findling MT, et al. (2018, July). “Increases in Sugary Drink Marketing During Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Benefit Issuance in New York.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 55(1):P55– 62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2018.03.012.
14. Conrad Z, Rehm CD, Wilde P, et al. (2017, March). “Cardiometabolic Mortality by Supple- mental Nutrition Assistance Program Participation and Eligibility in the United States.” Ameri- can Journal of Public Health 107(3):466– 74. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2016.303608.
15. Tufts University. (2017, January 19). “Americans in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) Have Higher Mortality.” https://now.tufts.edu/news-releases/americans-supplemental-nutrition-assistance-program-snap-have-higher-mortality.
16. Mozaffarian D, Liu J, Sy S, et al. (2018, October 2). “Cost- Effectiveness of Financial Incen- tives and Disincentives for Improving Food Purchases and Health Through the US Supple- mental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP): A Microsimulation Study.” PLOS Medicine 15(10):e1002661. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002661.
17. US Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service. (2025, June 4.) “What Can SNAP Buy?” https://www.fns.usda.gov/snap/eligible-f ood-i tems. Notes 407
18. Roberte L. (2025, July 30). “15 Surprising Things You Can Buy with Your EBT Card (SNAP Benefits).” GoodRx Health. https://www.goodrx.com/health-topic/finance/surprising-things-you-can-buy-with-food-stamps.
19. US Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service. (2025, June 4.) “What Can SNAP Buy?” https://www.fns.usda.gov/snap/eligible-food-items.
20. US House Committee on Agriculture. (2017, February 16). “Pros and Cons of Restricting SNAP Purchases.” Hearing Before the Committee on Agriculture, 115th Congress, 2nd session. https://agriculture.house.gov/uploadedfiles/115-02_-_24325.pdf.
21. His specific statement was: “You can’t force them. You can’t deny them their freedoms to be able to make choices without violating their pursuit of happiness.”
22. US House Committee on Agriculture. (2017, February 16). “Pros and Cons of Restricting SNAP Purchases.” Hearing Before the Committee on Agriculture, 115th Congress, 2nd session. https://agriculture.house.gov/uploadedfiles/115-02_-_24325.pdf.
23. Center for Responsive Politics. (2018). “David Scott: Contributors 2017–2 018.” https://www.opensecrets.org/members-of-congress/contributors?cid=N00024871&cycle=2018&type=I.
24. Center for Responsive Politics. (2018). “Roger Marshall: Contributors 2017– 2018.” https://www.opensecrets.org/members-of-congress/contributors?cid=N00037034&cycle=2018.
25. Merlin M. (2012, December 3). “Farm Bill Still Hanging: More Than 70 Groups Lobby on Food Stamps.” Center for Responsive Politics. https://www.opensecrets.org/news/2012/12/more-than-70-groups-in-play-over-sn.
26. Sessa- Hawkins M. (2017, August 28). “Congress Could Cut Soda and Candy from SNAP, but Big Sugar Is Pushing Back.” Civil Eats. https://civileats.com/2017/08/28/congress-could-cut-soda-and-candy-from-snap-but-big-sugar-is-pushing-back/.
27. Food Research and Action Center. (2018, February). “SNAP Benefits Need to Be Made Adequate, Not Cut or Restricted.” https://frac.org/wp-content/uploads/snap-food-choice.pdf.
28. US Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service. (2015, May). “Diet Quality by SNAP Participation Status: Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Sur- vey, 2007– 2010.” https://fns-prod.azureedge.us/sites/default/files/ops/NHANES-SNAP07-10-Summary.pdf.
29. Mande J, Flaherty G. (2022, November 11). “Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program as a Health Intervention.” Current Opinion in Pediatrics 35(1):S33– 38. https://doi.org/10.1097/MOP.0000000000001192.
30. Harris A. (2024, January 24). “Congressman Harris Pens Op-Ed on the Need for Congress to Address SNAP’s Contribution to Poor Health.” https://harris.house.gov/media/press-releases/congressman-harris-pens-op-ed-need-congress-address-snaps-contribution-poor.
31. National Association of Convenience Stores. (2024, July 12). “Congress Blocks Language to Restrict SNAP Choice.” https://www.convenience.org/Media/Daily/2024/July/12/4-Congress-Blocks-Language-SNAP-Choice_GR.
32. US Department of Agriculture. (2025, June 10). “Secretary Rollins signs state waivers to Make America Healthy Again by removing unhealthy foods from SNAP in Arkansas, Idaho, and Utah.” https://www.usda.gov/about-usda/news/press-r eleases/2025/06/10/secretary-rollins-signs-state-waivers-make-america-healthy-again-removing-unhealthy-foods-snap.
33. Grassley C. (2025, April 11). [Letter to Robert F. Kennedy Jr. and Brooke Rollins from members of Congress.] https://www.grassley.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/maha-commission-integrity-final.pdf.
34. Harnack L, Oakes JM, Elbel B, et al. (2016, November 1). “Effects of Subsidies and Prohibi- tions on Nutrition in a Food Benefit Program: A Randomized Clinical Trial.” JAMA Inter- nal Medicine 176(11):1610– 18. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.5633. 408 Notes
35. Massachusetts Public Health Alliance. (n.d.). “Massachusetts Healthy Incentives Program (HIP).” https://mapublichealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/HIP-F act-S heet-J anuary – 2019.pdf. Accessed August 19, 2025. 3 6. Ibid.
36. Virginia Farmers Market Association. (n.d.). “Virginia Fresh Match: Fair Access to Fresh Food.” https://vafma.org/programs/virginia-fresh-match/. Accessed August 19, 2025. 3 8. Ibid.
37. For every dollar you spend on fruits and veggies with your Bridge Card, the grocery store will match it dollar for dollar, up to $20 a day. At the farmers market, for every $2 you spend with your Bridge Card, you will get $2 in Double Up Food Bucks, up to $20 a day.
38. Double Up National Network. (n.d.) “Bring Double Up to Your Community!” http:// www.doubleupfoodbucks.org/national- network/. Accessed August 19, 2025.
39. US Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. (2025, January 1). “2014 Farm Bill— Nutrition: Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) Provisions.” https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/farm-bill/2014-farm-bill/nutrition.
40. Chite RM. (2013, October 18). “The 2014 Farm Bill (P.L. 113-79): Summary and Side-by-Side.” R43076. Congressional Research Service. https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R43076.
41. Mozaffarian D, Liu J, Sy S, et al. (2018, October 2). “Cost- Effectiveness of Financial Incen- tives and Disincentives for Improving Food Purchases and Health Through the US Supple- mental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP): A Microsimulation Study.” PLOS Medicine 15(10):e1002661. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002661.
42. Gallagher S. (2019, March 19). “Food as Medicine Prescriptions Could Be Good for Health and Budgets.” Tufts University. https://now.tufts.edu/news-releases/prescribing-healthy-food-medicaremedicaid-cost-effective-could-improve-health-outcomes.

CHAPTER 6

1. Lowe P. (2014, July 16). “Lobbyists of All Kinds Flock to Farm Bill.” Investigate Midwest. https://investigatemidwest.org/2014/07/16/lobbyists-of-all-kinds-flock-to-farm-bill/.
2. Riley Roche L, Dethman L. (2008, April 11). “Lobbyists’ Reports Disclose Gifts to Lawmakers.” Deseret News. https://www.deseret.com/2008/4/11/20081511/lobbyists-reports-disclose-gifts-to-lawmakers/.
3. Fix the Court. (2024, June 6). “A Staggering Tally: Supreme Court Justices Accepted Hun- dreds of Gifts Worth Millions of Dollars.” https://fixthecourt.com/2024/06/a-staggering-tally-supreme-court-justices-accepted-hundreds-of-gifts-worth-millions-of-dollars/.
4. White House. (2009, January 21). “Executive Order 13490— Ethics Commitments by Executive Branch Personnel.” https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/ethics-commitments-executive-branch-personnel.
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13. Corn Refiners Association. (2020, November 13). “CRA’s Bode Comment on New ISEO President Kailee Tkacz Buller.” https://corn.org/cra-alumn-new-president-iseo/.
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17. US Department of Agriculture. (2017, July 19). “Secretary Perdue Announces New Leader- ship for Food, Nutrition and Consumer Services.” https://www.usda.gov/about-usda/news /press-releases/2017/07/19/secretary-perdue-announces-new-leadership-food-nutrition-and-consumer-services.
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21. American Farm Bureau Federation. (2017, March 28). “#WomenInAg Spotlight: Kristi Boswell.” https://www.fb.org/farm-bureau-news/womeninag-spotlight-kristi-boswell.
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29. Aaron DG, Siegel MB. (2017, January). “Sponsorship of National Health Organizations by Two Major Soda Companies.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 52(1):2 0–3 0. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2016.08.010.
30. OpenSecrets. (n.d.). “Client Profile: American Beverage Assn.” https://www.opensecrets.org/federal-lobbying/clients/issues?cycle=2009&id=d000000491. Accessed August 5, 2025.
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35. European Commission, Directorate- General for Health and Food Safety. (2024, December 19). “Commission Adopts Ban of Bisphenol A in Food Contact Materials.” https://food.ec.europa.eu/food-safety-news-0/commission-adopts-ban-bisphenol-food-contact-materials-2024-12-19_en.
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37. Keller R. (2003, January 27). “H.R. 339— Personal Responsibility in Food Consumption Act.” 108th Cong., 1st Sess. https://www.congress.gov/bill/108th-congress/house-bill/339.
38. Meier CF. (2003, August 1). “Keller, Kraft Weigh In on Obesity.” https://heartland.org/opinion/keller-kraft-weigh-in-on-obesity/.
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49. Environmental Working Group. (2016, February 25). “Food Lobby Spends $101 Million in 2015 to Avert GMO Labeling.” https://www.ewg.org/research/food-lobby-spends-101-million-2015-avert-gmo-labeling.
50. Kopicki A. (2013, July 27). “Strong Support for Labeling Modified Foods.” New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/28/science/strong-support-for-labeling-modified-foods.html.
51. Center for Food Safety. (2016, March 1). “DARK Act Returns to Congress in Latest Indus- try Effort to Block GMO- Food Labeling.” https://www.centerforfoodsafety.org/press-releases/4267/dark-act-returns-to-congress-in-latest-industry-effort-to-block-gmo-food -labeling.
52. Bickell EG. (2020, February 7). “The National Bioengineered Food Disclosure Standard: Overview and Selected Considerations.” R46183. Congressional Research Service. https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R46183. 5 3. Ibid.
53. Center for Food Safety. (n.d.). “International Labeling Laws: Genetically Engineered (GE) Food Labeling.” https://www.centerforfoodsafety.org/issues/976/ge-food-labeling/international-labeling-laws. Accessed August 5, 2025.
54. Bickell EG. (2020, February 7). “The National Bioengineered Food Disclosure Standard: Overview and Selected Considerations.” R46183. Congressional Research Service. https:// www.congress.gov/crs-p roduct/R46183.
55. Washington State Attorney General’s Office. (2013, October 16). Complaint, State of Washington v. Grocery Manufacturers Association. Thurston County Superior Court Case No. 13-2-03258-34. https://agportal-s3bucket.s3.amazonaws.com/uploadedfiles/Complaint-20131016-Conformed.pdf.
56. Le P. (2013, October 19). “As Ad Claims Fly on GMO Labeling, Caveats Arise.” Associ- ated Press. https://komonews.com/news/local/as-ad-claims-fly-on-gmo-labeling-caveats-arise.
57. Simon M. (2012, July 31). “Big Food Puts Its Back into Fighting GMO Labeling in Cali- fornia.” Grist. https://grist.org/food/big-f ood-p uts-i ts-b ack-i nto-fi ghting-g mo-l abeling-in -california/.
58. Washington State Attorney General’s Office. (2013, October 16). Complaint, State of Washington v. Grocery Manufacturers Association. Thurston County Superior Court Case No. 13-2-03258-34. https://agportal-s3bucket.s3.amazonaws.com/uploadedfiles/Complaint-20131016-Conformed.pdf. 6 0. Ibid. 412 Notes
59. Legislative Analyst’s Office, State of California. (2012, July 18). “Proposition 37: Genetically Engineered Foods. Mandatory Labeling. Initiative Statute.” https://www.lao.ca.gov/ballot/2012/37_11_2012.aspx.
60. Peeples L. (2012, November 7). “Prop 37 GMO Labeling Law Defeated by Corporate Dol- lars and Deception, Proponents Say.” HuffPost. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/proposition-37-gmo-labeling_n_2090112.
61. Washington State Attorney General’s Office. (2013, October 16). Complaint, State of Washington v. Grocery Manufacturers Association. Thurston County Superior Court Case No. 13-2-03258-34. https://agportal-s3bucket.s3.amazonaws.com/uploadedfiles/Complaint-20131016- Conformed.pdf.
62. Office of the Attorney General, Washington State. (2016, November 2). “AG: Grocery Manufacturers Assoc. to Pay $18 Million— Largest Campaign Finance Penalty in U.S. History.” https://www.atg.wa.gov/news/news-releases/ag-grocery-manufacturers-assoc-pay-18m-largest-campaign-finance-penalty-us. 6 5. Ibid.
63. Office of the Attorney General, Washington State. (2016, November 2). “AG: Grocery Manufacturers Assoc. to Pay $18 Million— Largest Campaign Finance Penalty in U.S. H istory.” https://www.atg.wa.gov/news/news-releases/ag-grocery-manufacturers-assoc-pay-1 8m-largest-campaign-finance-penalty-us.
64. Office of the Attorney General, Washington State. (2016, February 16). “Documents Unsealed in GMA Lawsuit, Hearing Set for Friday.” https://www.atg.wa.gov/news/news-releases/documents-unsealed-gma-l awsuit-hearing-set-Friday.
65. Office of the Attorney General, Washington State. (2016, November 2). “AG: Grocery Manufacturers Assoc. to Pay $18 Million— Largest Campaign Finance Penalty in U.S. History.” https://www.atg.wa.gov/news/news-releases/ag-grocery-manufacturers-assoc-pay-18m-largest-campaign-finance-penalty-us.
66. Ballotpedia. (n.d.). “Washington Mandatory Labeling of Genetically Engineered Food Measure, Initiative 522 (2013).” https://ballotpedia.org/Washington_Mandatory_Labeling_of_Genetically_Engineered_Food_Measure,_Initiative_522_(2013). Accessed August 5, 2025.
67. Office of the Attorney General, Washington State. (2016, November 2). “AG: Grocery Manufacturers Assoc. to Pay $18 Million— Largest Campaign Finance Penalty in U.S. H istory.” https://www.atg.wa.gov/news/news-releases/ag-grocery-manufacturers-assoc-pay-18m-largest-campaign-finance-penalty-us.
68. Connelly J. (2016, November 2). “Grocery Lobby Must Pay $18M for Laundering Campaign Money.” Seattle Post-Intelligencer. https://www.seattlepi.com/local/politics/article/Grocery-manufacturers-told-Pay-millions-for-1 0531088.php.
69. Office of the Attorney General, Washington State. (2016, November 2). “AG: Grocery Manufacturers Assoc. to Pay $18 Million— Largest Campaign Finance Penalty in U.S. History.” https://www.atg.wa.gov/news/news-releases/ag-grocery-manufacturers-assoc-pay-1 8m-largest-campaign-finance-penalty-us.
70. Office of the Attorney General, Washington State. (2016, November 2). “AG: Grocery Manufacturers Assoc. to Pay $18 Million— Largest Campaign Finance Penalty in U.S. History.” https://www.atg.wa.gov/news/news-releases/ag-grocery-manufacturers-assoc-pay-18m-largest-campaign-finance-penalty-us.
71. Ibid.
72. Jenkins D. (2017, September 6). “Washington AG to Press for $18 Million Fine Against Foodmakers.” Capital Press. https://www.capitalpress.com/state/washington/washington-ag-to-press-for-million-fine-against-foodmakers/article_7001b804-800d-5459-bcc3-5787dbab9ea8.html; Office of the Attorney General, Washington State. (2020, November 9). Notes 413 “Court of Appeals Unanimously Upholds $18M Penalty Against Grocery Manufactur- er’s Association in AG’s Campaign Finance Lawsuit.” https://www.atg.wa.gov/news/news-releases/court-appeals-unanimously-upholds-18m-penalty-against-grocery-manufacturer-s.
73. Brunner J. (2016, November 2). “Grocery Group Fined $18M in Fight Against GMO Food- Labeling Initiative.” Seattle Times. https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/politics/grocery-group-hit-with-18m-campaign-financing-fine-over-food-labeling-measure/.
74. Consumer Brands Association. (2019, September 26). “Bold New Agenda, New Name: GMA to Relaunch as Consumer Brands Association™ in 2020.” Press release. https://consumerbrandsassociation.org/press-releases/bold-new-agenda-new-name-gma-to-relaunch-as-consumer-brands-association-in-2020.
75. Bottemiller Evich H, Boudreau C. (2017, November 26). “The Big Washington Food Fight: How the Food Lobby Is Splintering over Consumer Taste Preferences.” Politico. https://www.politico.com/story/2017/11/26/food-lobby-consumer-tastes-washington-190528.
76. Sustainable Food Policy Alliance. (2018, July 12). “Four Major Food Companies Launch Sustainable Food Policy Alliance to Drive Progress in U.S. Public Policies That Shape What People Eat.” https://foodpolicyalliance.org/news/four-major-food-companies-launch-the-sustainable-food-policy-alliance/.
77. Gaines R. (2025, March 22). “They offered to pay me to post . . . a big fat heck no.” Twitter. https://x.com/Riley_Gaines_/status/1903467064712482881.
78. Cargill. (2024). “Corn Sweeteners: Making Your Products Better.” https://www.cargill.com/food-b everage/na/corn-s weeteners.
79. Murphy A. (2024, November 25). “America’s Top Private Companies.” Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/lists/top-private-companies/.
80. Reuters. (2022, August 10). “Cargill Fiscal 2022 Revenue Jumps 23% to Record $165 Bil- lion.” https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/cargill-fiscal-2 022-revenue-jumps-23-165-billion-2022-08-10/.
81. Forbes. (2023). “Cargill MacMillan, Jr.” https://www.forbes.com/profile/cargill-macmillan/?sh=44fa93db4c0e.
82. Dent M. (2025, January 10). “How Corn Syrup Took over America.” The Hustle. https:// thehustle.co/originals/how-c orn-s yrup-t ook-o ver-a merica.
83. Jacques J. (2008, Winter). “A Not-So-Sweet Story— High Fructose Corn Syrup.” Obesity Action Coalition. https://www.obesityaction.org/resources/a-not-so-sweet-story-high-fructose-c orn-s yrup/.
84. Basciano H, Federico L, Adeli K. (2005, February 21). “Fructose, Insulin Resistance, and Metabolic Dyslipidemia.” Nutrition and Metabolism 2:article 5. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-7075-2-5.
85. Lodge M, Dykes R, Kennedy A. (2024, July 13). “Regulation of Fructose Metabolism in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.” Biomolecules 14(7):845. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom 14070845.
86. DiNicolantonio JJ, O’Keefe JH, Lucan SC. (2005, March). “Added Fructose: A Principal Driver of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Its Consequences.” Mayo Clinic Proceedings 90(3): P372–8 1. https://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/s0025-6196(15)00040-3/fulltext.
87. Strom S. (2016, January 8). “Campbell Labels Will Disclose GMO Ingredients.” New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/08/business/campbell-labels-will-disclose-gmo-ingredients.html.
88. Drutman L. (2011, June). “A Better Way to Fix Lobbying.” Issues in Governance Studies. https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/06_lobbying_drutman.pdf. 414 Notes
89. Legislative Analyst’s Office, State of California. (2012, July 18). “Proposition 37: Genetically Engineered Foods. Mandatory Labeling. Initiative Statute.” https://www.lao.ca.gov/ballot/2012/37_11_2012.aspx.

CHAPTER 7

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4. Union of Concerned Scientists. (2019). “A Food and Farm Bill for Everyone.” https://www.ucs.org/resources/food-and-farm-bill.
5. Congressional Budget Office. (2014, January 28). “H.R. 2642, Agricultural Act of 2014: Effects on Direct Spending and Revenues of the Conference Agreement on H.R. 2642, as Reported on January 27, 2014.” Publication No. 45049. https://www.cbo.gov/publication/45049.
6. US Department of Agriculture. (n.d.). “Farm Bill.” https://www.usda.gov/farming-and-ranching/farm-bill. Accessed August 5, 2025.
7. US Department of Agriculture and US Department of Health and Human Services. (n.d.). “Dietary Guidelines for Americans: Process.” https://www.dietaryguidelines.gov/about-dietary-guidelines/process. Accessed August 5, 2025.
8. US Department of Agriculture and US Department of Health and Human Services. (n.d.). “Dietary Guidelines for Americans: History of the Dietary Guidelines.” https://www.dietaryguidelines.gov/about-dietary-guidelines/history-dietary-guidelines. Accessed August 5, 2025.
9. McGandy RB, Hegsted DM, Stare FJ. (1967, July 27). “Dietary Fats, Carbohydrates and Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease.” New England Journal of Medicine 277(4):186– 92. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm196707272770405.
10. Pearce J. (2009, July 8). “D. Mark Hegsted, 95, Harvard Nutritionist, Is Dead.” New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/09/health/09hegsted.html.
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12. US Department of Agriculture. (2024, May). “A Brief History of the USDA Food Guides.” https://myplate-prod.azureedge.us/sites/default/files/2024-05/A-Brief-History-of-the-USDA-Food-Guides.pdf.
13. Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health. (2016, January 7). “New Dietary Guidelines Remove Restriction on Total Fat and Set Limit for Added Sugars— But Censor Conclu- sions.” https://nutritionsource.hsph.harvard.edu/2016/01/07/new-dietary-guidelines-remove-restriction-on-total-fat-and-set-limit-for-added-sugars-but-censor-conclusions/.
14. Lawrence DJ. (2004). “Policy Trumps Science in the Bush Administration.” Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association 48(3):195– 97. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1769461/.
15. Nutrition Coalition. (n.d.). “Impact.” https://www.nutritioncoalition.us/impact. Accessed August 5, 2025.
16. Committee to Review the Process to Update the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. (2017). Optimizing the Process for Establishing the Dietary Guidelines for Americans: The Selection Process. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/24637. Notes 415
17. Farrington C. (2022, August). “Take It with a Grain (or More) of Salt: Why Industry- Backed Dietary Guidelines Fail Americans and How to Fix Them.” Michigan Journal of Law Reform. https://mjlr.org/journal/take-it-with-a-grain-or-more-of-salt-why-industry-backed-d ietary-g uidelines-f ail-a mericans-a nd-h ow-to-fix-t hem.
18. Mialon M, Matos Serodio P, Crosbie E, et al. (2022, March 21). “Conflicts of Interest for Members of the US 2020 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee.” Public Health Nutrition 27(1):e69. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980022000672.
19. US Department of Health and Human Services and US Department of Agriculture. (2020). “Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010.” https://odphp.health.gov/sites/default/files/2020-01/DietaryGuidelines2010.pdf.
20. Monke J. (2024, December 27). “Farm Bill Primer: Budget Dynamics.” IF12233. Congres- sional Research Service. https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/IF12233.
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22. Iowa Corn Growers Association. (n.d.). “Corn Facts and Fun.” https://www.iowacorn.org/corn-facts-faq. Accessed August 5, 2025.
23. Mayo Clinic. (2025, February 1). “Trans Fat Is Double Trouble for Heart Health.” https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-cholesterol/in-depth/trans-fat /art-20046114.
24. American Soybean Association. (2025). “Soybean Oil: U.S. Vegetable Oils Consumption.” https://soystats.com/soybean-oil-u-s-vegetable-oils-consumption/.
25. Nestle M. (2016, March 17). “The Farm Bill Drove Me Insane.” Politico. https://www.politico.com/agenda/story/2016/03/farm-bill-congress-usda-food-p olicy-0 00070/.
26. Walsh B. (2009, August 21). “Getting Real About the High Price of Cheap Food.” Time. https://time.com/archive/6689284/getting-real-about-the-high-price-of-cheap-food.
27. Elkadi N. (2024, April 8). “An Iowa Fertilizer Plant Purchase Spurs Antitrust Concerns.” Civil Eats. https://civileats.com/2024/04/08/an-iowa-fertilizer-plant-purchase-spurs-antitrust-c oncerns/.
28. Don’t Mess with Taxes. (2013, July 28). “Farm Bill Subsidies Feed America’s Junk Food Appe- tite.” https://www.dontmesswithtaxes.com/2013/07/farm-bill-subsidies-junk-food-pirg.html.
29. Russo M, Smith D. (2013, July). “Apples to Twinkies 2013: Comparing Taxpayer Subsidies for Fresh Produce and Junk Food.” US PIRG. https://uspirg.org/reports/usp/apples-twinkies-2013. https://pirg.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Apples_to_Twinkies_2013_USPIRG_0.pdf.
30. Siegel KR. (2016, August 1). “Association of Higher Consumption of Foods Derived from Sub- sidized Commodities with Adverse Cardiometabolic Risk Among US Adults.” JAMA Internal Medicine 176(8): 1124– 32. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.2410.
31. Russo M, Smith D. (2013, July). “Apples to Twinkies 2013: Comparing Taxpayer Subsidies for Fresh Produce and Junk Food.” US PIRG. https://uspirg.org/reports/usp/apples-t winkies-2 013. https://pirg.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Apples_to_Twinkies_2013_USPIRG_0.pdf.
32. Mulik K, O’Hara JK. (2013, October). “The Healthy Farmland Diet: How Growing Less Corn Would Improve Our Health and Help America’s Heartland.” Union of Concerned Scientists. https://www.ucs.org/sites/default/files/2019-09/healthy-farmland-diet.pdf.
33. Nestle M. (2016, March 17). “The Farm Bill Drove Me Insane.” Politico. https://www.politico.com/agenda/story/2016/03/farm-bill-congress-usda-food-policy-000070/. 3 5. Ibid.
34. Bittman M, Pollan M, Salvador R, et al. (2014, November 7). “How a National Food Policy Could Save Millions of American Lives.” Washington Post. November 7, 2014. https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/how-a-national-food-policy-could-save-millions-of-american-lives/2014/11/07/89c55e16-637f-11e4-836c-83bc4f26eb67_story.html. 416 Notes
35. Ibid.
36. Menegat S, Ledo A, Tirado R. (2022, August 25). “Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Global Production and Use of Nitrogen Synthetic Fertilisers in Agriculture.” Scientific Reports 12:14490. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-18773-w.
37. Mozaffarian D, Angell SY, Lang T, et al. (2018, June 13). “Role of Government Policy in Nutrition— Barriers to and Opportunities for Healthier Eating.” BMJ 361:k2426.
38. Berkowitz SA, Terranova J, Randall L, et al. (2019, June 1). “Association Between Receipt of a Medically Tailored Meal Program and Health Care Use.” JAMA Internal Medicine 179(6):786– 93. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.0198.
39. White ND. (2020, April 26). “Produce Prescriptions, Food Pharmacies, and the Potential Effect on Food Choice.” American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine 14(4):366– 68. https://doi.org/10.1177/1559827620915425.
40. Gurvey J, Rand K, Daugherty S, et al. (2013, October). “Examining Health Care Costs Among MANNA Clients and a Comparison Group.” Journal of Primary Care and Community Health 4(4):311– 17. doi: 10.1177/2150131913490737.
41. John Hancock Life Insurance Company. (n.d.). “Small Changes, Big Impacts: Why the John Hancock Vitality Program Works.” https://www.johnhancock.com/ideas-insights/why-john-hancock-vitality-program-works.html. Accessed August 5, 2025.
42. PR Newswire. (2018, September 19). “John Hancock Leaves Traditional Life Insurance Model Behind to Incentivize Longer, Healthier Lives.” https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/john-hancock-leaves-traditional-life-insurance-model-behind-to-incentivize-longer-healthier-lives-300715351.html.
43. Feinberg AT, Hess A, Passaretti M, et al. (2018, April 10). “Prescribing Food as a Specialty Drug.” NJEM Catalyst. https://catalyst.nejm.org/prescribing-f resh-f ood-f armacy/; Tirrell M, Gralnick J. (2018, June 21). “Diabetes Defeated by Diet: How New Fresh- Food Prescrip- tions Are Beating Pricey Drugs.” CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2018/06/20/diabetes-defeated-by-diet-new-fresh-food-prescriptions-beat-drugs.html.
44. McGovern J. (2018, January 17). “Bipartisan Members of Congress Launch Food Is Medi- cine Working Group to Highlight Impacts of Hunger on Health.” Press release. https:// mcgovern.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=397179. https://odphp.health.gov/foodismedicine.

CHAPTER 8

1. Fryar C, Carroll MD, Afful J. (2020, December). “Prevalence of Overweight, Obesity, and Severe Obesity Among Children and Adolescents Aged 2– 19 Years: United States, 1963– 1965 Through 2017– 2018.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hestat/obesity-child-17-18/overweight-obesity-child-H.pdf.
2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2024, April). “Childhood Obesity Facts.” https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/childhood-obesity-facts/childhood-obesity-facts.html.
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15. “Ibid.
16. Campbell’s Food Service. (n.d.). “Pepperidge Farm Goldfish Made with Whole Grain 100 Calorie Snack Crackers, Cheddar, .75 Ounce, Pack of 100.” https://web.archive.org/web/20250518223902/https://www.campbellsfoodservice.com/product/pepperidge-farm-goldfish-whole-grain-100-calorie-snack-crackers-cheddar/. Accessed August 19, 2025.
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29. McGinnis JM, Gootman JA, Kraak VI, eds. (2006). Food Marketing to Children and Youth: Threat or Opportunity? National Academies Press.
30. Nestle M. (2006, June 15). “Food Marketing and Childhood Obesity— A Matter of Policy.” New England Journal of Medicine 354(24):2527– 29. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMp068014.
31. Federal Trade Commission. (2012, December). “A Review of Food Marketing to Children and Adolescents.” https://www.ftc.gov/sites/default/files/documents/reports/review-food-m arketing-c hildren-a nd-a dolescents-f ollow-r eport/121221foodmarketingreport.pdf.
32. Powell LM, Schermbeck RM, Szczypka G, et al. (2013, June 6). “Trends in the Nutritional Content of TV Food Advertisements Seen by Children in the US: Analyses by Age, Food Categories and Companies.” Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 128(6):e120– 28. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpediatrics.2011.131.
33. American Psychological Association. (2010). “The Impact of Food Advertising on Childhood Obesity.” https://www.apa.org/topics/kids-media/food. Accessed August 19, 2025.
34. Harris JL, Frazier W, Kumanyika S, et al. (2019, January). “Increasing Disparities in Unhealthy Food Advertising Targeted to Black and Hispanic Youth.” Rudd Center for Food Policy and Health, University of Connecticut. https://uconnruddcenter.org/files/Pdfs/TargetedMarketingReport2019.pdf. 3 5. Ibid.
35. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. (2025, June). “Facts for Families: Children and Watching TV.” No. 54. https://www.aacap.org/AACAP/Families_and_Youth/Facts_for_Families/FFF-Guide/Children-And-W atching-TV-054.aspx.
36. American Psychological Association. (2010). “The Impact of Food Advertising on Child- hood Obesity.” https://www.apa.org/topics/kids-media/food. Accessed August 19, 2025.
37. McCarthy CM, de Vries R, Mackenbach JD. (2022, March 17). “The Influence of Unhealthy Food and Beverage Marketing Through Social Media and Advergaming on Diet – Related Outcomes in Children— A Systematic Review.” Obesity Reviews 23(6):e13441. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.13441.
38. Weatherspoon LJ, Quilliam ET, Paek HJ, et al. (2013, September 26). “Consistency of Nutrition Recommendations for Foods Marketed to Children in the United States, 2009– 2010.” Preventing Chronic Disease 10:E165. https://doi.org/10.5888/pcd10.130099.
39. Story M, French S. (2004, February 10). “Food Advertising and Marketing Directed at Children and Adolescents in the US.” International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 1(1):3. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-1-3. Notes 419
40. Borzekowski DL, Robinson TN. (2001, January). “The 30-Second Effect: An Experiment Revealing the Impact of Television Commercials on Food Preferences of Preschoolers.” Journal of the American Dietetic Association 101(1):42– 46. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-8223 (01)00012-8.
41. American Psychological Association. (2010). “The Impact of Food Advertising on Childhood Obesity.” https://www.apa.org/topics/kids-media/food. Accessed August 19, 2025.
42. Reichelt AC, Rank MM. (2017, December 1). “The Impact of Junk Foods on the Adoles- cent Brain.” Birth Defects Research 109(20):1649– 58. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdr2.1173.
43. McClure AC, Tanski SE, Gilbert- Diamond D, et al. (2013, November). “Receptivity to Television Fast- Food Restaurant Marketing and Obesity Among U.S. Youth.” Ameri- can Journal of Preventive Medicine 45(5):560– 68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2013.06.011.
44. Burrows D. (2018, March 19). “Barrage of Junk Food Ads Fuelling Teenage Obesity.” Food Navigator. March 19, 2018. https://www.foodnavigator.com/Article/2018/03/19/Barrage-of-junk-food-ads-fuelling-teenage-obesity/.
45. Lardieri A. (2018, May 22). “Study: Teens Exposed to More Junk Food Ads Eat More Junk Food.” U.S. News and World Report. https://www.usnews.com/news/health-care-news/articles/2018-05-22/study-teens-exposed-to-more-junk-food-ads-eat-more-junk-food.
46. Skinner AC, Ravanbakht SN, Skelton JA, et al. (2018, March). “Prevalence of Obesity and Severe Obesity in US Children, 1999–2 016.” Pediatrics 141(3):e20173459. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2017-3459.
47. Clemente MG, Mandato C, Poeta M, et al. (2016). “Pediatric Non- Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Recent Solutions, Unresolved Issues, and Future Research Directions.” World Jour- nal of Gastroenterology 22(36):8078– 93. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v22.i36.8078.
48. Satapathy SK, Bernstein DE, Roth NC. (2022). “Liver Transplantation in Patients with Non- Alcoholic Steatohepatitis and Alcohol- Related Liver Disease: The Dust Is Yet to Settle.” Translational Gastroenterology and Hepatology 7:23. https://doi.org/10.21037/tgh-2020-15.
49. Northstone K, Joinson C, Emmett P, et al. (2012). “Are Dietary Patterns in Childhood Associated with IQ at 8 Years of Age? A Population- Based Cohort Study.” Journal of Epide- miology and Community Health 66(7):624– 28. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2010.111955.
50. Federal Trade Commission. (2011). “Food Marketed to Children Forum: Interagency Working Group Proposal for Voluntary Principles to Guide Industry Self- Regulatory Efforts.” https://www.ftc.gov/sites/default/files/documents/public_events/food-marketed-children-forum-interagency-working-group-proposal/110428foodmarketproposedguide .pdf.
51. Burros M. (2011, October 12). “Childhood Obesity War a Food Fight?” Politico. https://www.politico.com/story/2011/10/childhood-obesity-war-a-food-fight-0 65817.
52. Layton L, Eggen D. (2011, July 9). “Industries Lobby Against Voluntary Nutrition Guide- lines for Food Marketed to Kids.” Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/industries-lobby-against-voluntary-nutrition-guidelines-for-food-marketed-to -kids/2011/07/08/gIQAZSZu5H_story.html.
53. IHS Consulting. (2011). “Assessing the Economic Impact of Restricting Advertising for Products That Target Young Americans.” https://www.foodpolitics.com/wp-content/uploads/Global-Insight-Report.pdf.
54. Vladeck D. (2011, July 1). “What’s on the Table.” Federal Trade Commission, Bureau of Consumer Protection. https://web.archive.org/web/20110721042015/http://business.ftc.gov/blog/2011/07/whats-table. 420 Notes
55. BBB National Programs. (n.d.). “Children’s Food and Beverage Advertising Initiative (CFBAI).” https://bbbprograms.org/programs/children/cfbai. Accessed August 5, 2025.
56. BBB National Programs. (2024). “Get to Know the Children’s Food and Beverage Adver- tising Initiative.” https://assets.bbbprograms.org/docs/default-source/cfbai/cfbai-infographic.pdf.
57. Harris JL, Frazier W, Romo- Palafox M, et al. (2017). “Food Industry Self- Regulation After 10 Years.” Rudd Center for Food Policy and Health, University of Connecticut. http://www.uconnruddcenter.org/files/Pdfs/FACTS-2017_Final.pdf.
58. World Health Organization. (2016). “Tackling Food Marketing to Children in a Digi- tal World: Trans- Discilinary Perspectives.” https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/344003/9789289052177-eng.pdf.
59. Gallagher J. (2016, November 4.) “Stop Junk Food Ads on Kids’ A pps— WHO.” BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/health-37846318.
60. Constine J. (2017, May 31). “Pokémon GO Reveals Sponsors Like McDonald’s Pay It Up to $0.50 Per Visitor.” TechCrunch. https://techcrunch.com/2017/05/31/pokemon-go-sponsorship-price/.
61. World Health Organization. (2016). “Tackling Food Marketing to Children in a Digital World: Trans- Disciplinary Perspectives.” https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/344003/9789289052177-eng.pdf.
62. Block J. (2018, April 2). “Boston Schools’ Fresh Food Program Expands.” Boston Globe. https://www.shahfoundation.org/newsroom/bg-4-2-18-fzeft.
63. City of Boston. (2018, April 2). “Fresh Food Program Expanded at Boston Public Schools.” https://www.boston.gov/news/fresh-food-program-expanded-boston-public-schools.
64. Chou SY, Rashad I, Grossman M. (2005, December). “Fast- Food Restaurant Advertising on Television and Its Influence on Childhood Obesity.” Working Paper 11879. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w11879/w11879.pdf; Veerman JL, Van Beeck EF, Barendregt JJ, Mackenbach JP. (2009, March 26). “By How Much Would Limiting TV Food Advertising Reduce Childhood Obesity?” Euro- pean Journal of Public Health 19(4):365– 69. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckp039.
65. Strasburger VC. (2011, July). “Policy Statement— Children, Adolescents, Obesity, and the Media.” Pediatrics 128(1):201–8 . http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/doi/10.1542/peds.2011-1066; Chou SY, Rashad I, Grossman M. (2005, December). “Fast- Food Restaurant Advertising on Television and Its Influence on Childhood Obesity.” Working Paper 11879. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w11879/w11879.pdf.
66. Obesity Evidence Hub. (n.d.). “The Way Forward: Policies to Reduce Children’s Exposure to Junk Food Advertising.” https://www.obesityevidencehub.org.au/collections/prevention/the-way-forward-policies-to-reduce-childrens-exposure-to-junk-food-advertising. Accessed August 19, 2025.
67. Dhar T, Baylis K. (2011). “Fast- Food Consumption and the Ban on Advertising Targeting Children: The Quebec Experience.” Journal of Marketing Research 48(5):799– 813. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkr.48.5.799.
68. Ibid. 7 0. Ibid.
69. Musemeche C. (2012, July 13). “Ban on Advertising to Children Linked to Lower Obesity Rates.” New York Times. https://archive.nytimes.com/parenting.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/07/13/ban-on-advertising-to-children-linked-to-lower-obesity-rates/.
70. Cordes R. (2000, October 18). “Swedish Call for Ban on TV Advertising to Children Faces Defeat.” Politico. https://www.politico.eu/article/swedish-call-for-ban-on-tv-advertising-to-children-faces-defeat/. Notes 421
71. Transport for London. (2018, November 23). “Mayor Confirms Ban on Junk Food Advertising on Transport Network.” https://tfl.gov.uk/info-for/media/press-releases/2018/november/mayor-confirms-ban-on-junk-food-advertising-on-transport-netwo.
72. Sandeman G. (2024, September 13). “What Counts as Junk Food in Upcoming UK Advert Ban.” BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cp3d33l53r9o.
73. Ibid.
74. BBC News. (2018, July 4). “First Ads Banned Under New Junk Food Rules.” https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-44706755.
75. Bowles N. (2018, October 26). “Silicon Valley Nannies Are Phone Police for Kids.” New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/26/style/silicon-valley-nannies.html.
76. Tamana SK, Ezeugwu V, Chikuma J, et al. (2019, April 17). “Screen- Time Is Associated with Inattention Problems in Preschoolers: Results from the CHILD Birth Cohort Study.” PLOS One 14(4):e0213995. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213995; Fang K, Mu M, Liu K, et al. (2019, July 3). “Screen Time and Childhood Overweight/Obesity: A System- atic Review and Meta- Analysis.” Child Care, Health and Development 45(5):7 44–5 3. https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.12701.

CHAPTER 9

1. Juul F, Parekh N, Martinez- Steele E, et al. (2022). “Ultra- Processed Food Consumption Among U.S. Adults from 2001 to 2018.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 115(1):211– 21. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqab305.
2. National Institutes of Health. (2021, August 31). “Highly Processed Foods Form Bulk of U.S. Youths’ Diets.” https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/highly-processed-foods-form-bulk-us-youths-diets.
3. Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health. (n.d.). “Jerold R. Mande, Sc.D., M.P.H.” https://hsph.harvard.edu/profile/jerold-r-mande/. Accessed August 5, 2025.
4. Smucker’s. (n.d.). “Strawberry Jam.” https://www.smuckers.com/fruit-spreads/jam/strawberry-jam. Accessed August 5, 2025.
5. US Food and Drug Administration. (2006). “FDA’s Approach to the GRAS Provision: A History of Processes.” https://www.fda.gov/food/generally-recognized-safe-gras/fdas-approach-gras-provision-history-processes.
6. Ibid.
7. Center for Science in the Public Interest. (2015, April 15). “FDA Food Ingredient Approval Process Violates Law, Says CSPI.” Center for Science in the Public Interest. https://www.cspi.org/new/201504151.html.
8. Neltner TG, Alger HM, O’Reilly JT, et al. (2013, December 9– 23). “Conflicts of Interest in Approvals of Additives to Food Determined to Be Generally Recognized As Safe: Out of Balance.” JAMA Internal Medicine 173(22):2032– 36. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.10559.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid.; US Government Accountability Office. (2010, March 5). “Food Safety: FDA Should Strengthen Its Oversight of Food Ingredients Determined to Be Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS).” https://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-10-246.
11. Beyranevand LJ. (2013). “Generally Recognized as Safe? Analyzing Flaws in the FDA’s Approach to GRAS Additives.” Vermont Law Review 37(4):887– 922. https://lawreview.vermontlaw.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/9-Beyranevand.pdf.
12. Center for Science in the Public Interest et al. (2015). “Comments Re: Docket No. FDA- 1997-N-0020; Substances Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS).” https://www.cspinet.org/sites/default/files/attachment/GRAS%20Comment%20FINAL_0.pdf. 422 Notes
13. US Food and Drug Administration. (2018). “FDA Removes 7 Synthetic Flavoring Sub- stances from Food Additives List.” https://www.fda.gov/food/cfsan-constituent-updates/fda-removes-7-synthetic-flavoring-substances-food-additives-list.
14. Consumer Brands Association. (2025, March 10). “Consumer Brands Issues Statement on Constructive HHS Meeting with Industry Leaders.” https://consumerbrandsassociation.org/press-r eleases/consumer-b rands-i ssues-s tatement-on-constructive-h hs-m eeting-w ith -i ndustry-l eaders/.
15. Gabbatt A. (2015, April 21). “Taste the Rainbow Forever: Yellow Mac and Cheese Is Dead, but the Nostalgia Lives On.” The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/business/2015/apr/21/taste-t he-r ainbow-f orever-y ellow-m ac-a nd-c heese-k raft.
16. Environmental Working Group. (n.d.). “Fanta Orange Soda, Orange.” https://www.ewg.org/foodscores/products/049000058000-FantaOrangeSodaOrange/. Accessed August 19, 2025.
17. Center for Science in the Public Interest. (2010). “A Rainbow of Risks: The Dangers of Artificial Food Coloring.” https://www.cspinet.org/sites/default/files/media/documents/resource/food-d yes-rainbow-of-risks.pdf.
18. Environmental Working Group. (n.d.). “Kellogg’s Mashups Frosted Flakes + Froot Loops.” https://www.ewg.org/foodscores/products/038000251412-KelloggsMashupsFrosted FlakesFrootLoopsSweetenedCerealFrostedFlakesFrootLoops.
19. Hari V. (n.d.). “W. K. Kellogg’s Cereal Heiress Exposes Kellogg’s Froot Loops and Says to Boycott.” Food Babe (blog). https://foodbabe.com/w-k-kelloggs-cereal-heiress-exposes -kelloggs-froot-loops-and-says-to-boycott/. Accessed August 5, 2025.
20. Hari V. (n.d.). “WK Kellogg’s CEO Gary Pilnick Breaks His Silence on Poisoning American Kids with Artificial Dyes They Don’t Use Overseas (Video).” Food Babe (blog). https://foodbabe.com/wk-kelloggs-ceo-gary-pilnick-breaks-his-silence-on-poisoning-american-kids-with-artificial-dyes-they-dont-use-overseas-video/. Accessed August 5, 2025.
21. Osaka S. (2025, April 24). “ ‘MAHA Moms’ Are Pushing for Changes to America’s Food System.” Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2025/04 /24/maha-movement-food-reform-conservative-moms/.
22. White House. (2025, March 12.) “MAKE AMERICA HEALTHY AGAIN!” Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/reel/DHHfd8FRFW3/?hl=en.
23. International Agency for Research on Cancer. (1999). “Potassium Bromate.” World Health Organization. https://www.inchem.org/documents/iarc/vol73/73-17.html.
24. Hari V. (2014, February 4). “Subway: Stop Using Dangerous Chemicals in Your Bread.” Food Babe (blog). https://foodbabe.com/subway/.
25. US Food and Drug Administration. (2024, July 2). “FDA Revokes Regulation Allowing the Use of Brominated Vegetable Oil (BVO) in Food.” https://www.fda.gov/food/hfp-constituent-updates/fda-revokes-regulation-allowing-use-brominated-vegetable-oil-bvo-food.
26. National Health Service. (2025, July 16). “Food Colours and Hyperactivity.” https://www.food.gov.uk/safety-hygiene/food-additives#food-colours-and-hyperactivity.
27. Arnold LE, Lofthouse N, Hurt E. (2012, July). “Artificial Food Colors and Attention- Deficit /Hyperactivity Symptoms: Conclusions to Dye For.” Neurotherapeutics 9(3):599– 609. doi:10.1007/s13311- 012- 0133-x.
28. US Food and Drug Administration. (2025, January 15). “FDA to Revoke Authorization for the Use of Red No. 3 in Food and Ingested Drugs.” https://www.fda.gov/food/hfp-constituent-updates/fda-revoke-authorization-use-red-no-3-food-and-ingested-drugs.
29. Code of Federal Regulations. (2019). “Title 21: Food and Drugs.” https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-21. Notes 423
30. Amico A, Wootan MG, Jacobson MF, et al. (2021). “The Demise of Artificial Trans Fat: A History of a Public Health Achievement.” Milbank Quarterly 99(3):746– 70. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0009.12515.
31. Ibid.
32. Brandt EJ, Myerson R, Perraillon MC, et al. (2017, June 1). “Hospital Admissions for Myo- cardial Infarction and Stroke Before and After the Trans- Fatty Acid Restrictions in New York.” JAMA Cardiology 2(6):627–3 4. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2017.0491.
33. Dall C. (2023, December 8). “New FDA Report Shows More Antibiotics Being Sold for Food Animals.” CIDRAP, University of Minnesota. https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/antimicrobial-stewardship/new-fda-report-shows-more-antibiotics-being-sold-food-animals.
34. Martin MJ, Thottathil SE, Newman TB. (2015, December). “Antibiotics Overuse in Ani- mal Agriculture: A Call to Action for Health Care Providers.” American Journal of Public Health 105:2409–1 0. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302870.
35. O’Brien M. (2018, March 28). “Global Antibiotic Overuse Is Like a ‘Slow Motion Train Wreck.’ ” PBS NewsHour. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/global-antibiotic-overuse-is-like-a-slow-motion-train-wreck.
36. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2024, November 1). “Antimicrobial Resis- tance in the Environment and the Food Supply: Causes and How It Spreads.” https://www.cdc.gov/antimicrobial-r esistance/causes/environmental-f ood.html.
37. Punchihewage- Don AJ, Hawkins J, Adnan AM, et al. (2022). “The Outbreaks and Preva- lence of Antimicrobial Resistant Salmonella in Poultry in the United States: An Overview.” Heliyon 8(11):e11571. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11571.
38. Consumer Reports. (2015, November 18). “Making the World Safe from Superbugs.” https://www.consumerreports.org/cro/health/making-the-world-safe-from-superbugs/index.htm.
39. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2006, October 6). “2006 E. coli Outbreak Linked to Fresh Spinach.” https://archive.cdc.gov/www_cdc_gov/ecoli/2006/spinach-10-2006.html.
40. Jechalke S, Heuer H, Siemens J, et al. (2014, September). “Fate and Effects of Veterinary Anti- biotics in Soil.” Trends in Microbiology 22(9):536– 45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2014.05.005.
41. Casey JA, Curriero FC, Cosgrove SE, et al. (2013, November 25). “High- Density Livestock Operations, Crop Field Application of Manure, and Risk of Community- Associated M ethicillin-R esistant Staphylococcus aureus Infection, Pennsylvania, USA.” JAMA Internal Medicine 173(21):1980– 90. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.10408.
42. Consumer Reports. (2015, November 18). “Making the World Safe from Superbugs.” https://www.consumerreports.org/cro/health/making-the-world-safe-from-superbugs/index.htm.
43. Taylor J, Hafner M, Yerushalmi E, et al. (2014, December 10). “Estimating the Economic Costs of Antimicrobial Resistance.” RAND Corporation. https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR911.html.
44. Gurian- Sherman D. (2008, April). “CAFOs Uncovered: The Untold Costs of Confined Animal Feeding Operations.” Union of Concerned Scientists. https://www.ucs.org/sites/default/files/2019-10/cafos-uncovered-full-report.pdf.
45. US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine. (2021, December). 2020 Summary Report on Antimicrobials Sold or Distributed for Use in Food- Producing Animals. https://www.fda.gov/media/154820/download.
46. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). “Outpatient Antibiotic Prescriptions— United States, 2019.” https://archive.cdc.gov/www_cdc_gov/antibiotic-use/data/report-2019.html. 424 Notes
47. US Food and Drug Administration. (2013, December). “Guidance for Industry #213: New Animal Drugs and New Animal Drug Combination Products Administered in or on Med- icated Feed or Drinking Water of Food- Producing Animals: Recommendations for Drug Sponsors for Voluntarily Aligning Product Use Conditions with GFI #209.” https://www.fda.gov/media/83488/download.
48. Rosenberg B. (2024, November 13). “Growing Use of Antibiotics in Factory- Farmed Ani- mals Threatens Life- Saving Medications.” Environmental Working Group. https://www.ewg.org/news-insights/news/2024/11/life-saving-antibiotics-jeopardy-growing-use-factory-farmed-animals.
49. Ibid.
50. Time. (2015, March 5). “The 30 Most Influential People on the Internet.” https://time.com/3732203/the-30-most-i nfluential-p eople-on-the-i nternet/.
51. Strom S. (2013, December 30). “Social Media as a Megaphone to Pressure the Food Indus- try.” New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/31/business/media/social-media -as-a-megaphone-to-push-food-makers-to-change.html.
52. Hari V. (2015, February). “A ‘Food Babe Investigates’ Win— Chipotle Posts Ingredients.” Food Babe (blog). https://foodbabe.com/a-food-babe-investigates-win-chipotle-posts-ingredients/.
53. Associated Press. (2013, October 31). “Kraft to Remove Artificial Dyes from Three Maca- roni and Cheese Varieties.” https://www.theguardian.com/business/2013/oct/31/kraft-remove-artificial-dyes-macaroni-and-cheese.
54. Chamlee V. (2016, August 8). “Subway Wasn’t the Only Chain to Use the ‘Yoga Mat Chemical’ in Its Bread.” Eater. https://www.eater.com/2016/8/8/12403338/subway-yoga-mat-chemical-mcdonalds-burger-king-wendys.
55. California Public Interest Research Group. (2015, October 9). “California Sets Strictest Antibiotics Standards for Livestock Use in the Nation.” https://pirg.org/california/media-center/california-sets-strictest-antibiotics-standards-for-livestock-use-in-the-nation/.
56. Maryland Public Interest Research Group. (2023, March 2). “Bill to Improve Reporting of Antibiotic Use on Maryland Farms Passes Unanimously.” https://pirg.org/maryland/updates/bill-to-improve-reporting-of-antibiotic-use-on-maryland-farms-passes-unanimously/.
57. World Health Organization. (2023, November 21). “Antibiotic Resistance.” https://www.who.int/news-r oom/fact-s heets/detail/antibiotic-r esistance; World Health Organ ization. (2017). “WHO Guidelines on Use of Medically Impor tant Antimicrobials in Food- Producing Animals.” https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/258970/9789241550130-eng.pdf.
58. World Health Organization. (2011). “Critically Impor tant Antimicrobials for Human Med- icine.” https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/77376/9789241504485_eng.pdf.
59. Ibid.; Public Interest Research Group. (2014, September 10). “Weak Medicine: Why the FDA’s Guidelines Are Inadequate to Curb Antibiotic Resistance and Protect Public Health.” https://uspirg.org/reports/usf/weak-medicine.
60. Booker C. (2024, December 2). “We must get harmful chemicals out of our foods and pre- vent dangerous chemicals from being sprayed on them.” Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/reel/DDE3XC0O6KX/?hl=en.
61. Silverglade B, Heller IR. (2010). “Food Labeling Chaos: The Case for Reform.” Center for Science in the Public Interest. https://www.cspi.org/sites/default/files/media/documents/resource/food_labeling_chaos_report.pdf.
62. US Department of Health and Human Services. (2025, March 10). “HHS Secretary Kennedy Directs FDA to Explore Rulemaking to Eliminate Pathway for Companies to Self- Affirm Food Ingredients Are Safe.” https://www.hhs.gov/press-room/revising-gras-pathway.html. Notes 425

CHAPTER 10

1. US Department of Health and Human Services. (2025, March 10). “HHS Secretary Kennedy Directs FDA to Explore Rulemaking to Eliminate Pathway for Companies to Self- Affirm Food Ingredients Are Safe.” https://www.hhs.gov/press-room/revising-gras-pathway.html.
2. Duffy TP. (2011). “The Flexner Report— 100 Years Later.” Yale Journal of Biology and Medi- cine 84(3):269– 76. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3178858/.
3. Ibid.
4. Stahnisch FW, Verhoef M. (2012, December 26). “The Flexner Report of 1910 and Its Impact on Complementary and Alternative Medicine and Psychiatry in North America in the 20th Century.” Evidence- Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2012:647896. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/647896.
5. Adams KM, Butsch WS, Kohlmeier M. (2015). “The State of Nutrition Education at US Medical Schools.” Journal of Biomedical Education 2015:357627. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/357627.
6. Dror AA, Morozov N, Daoud A, et al. (2022). “Pre- Infection 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 Lev- els and Association with Severity of COVID-19 Illness.” PLOS One 17(2):e0263069. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263069.
7. Stäbler S, Fischer M. (2020). “When Does Corporate Social Irresponsibility Become News? Evidence from More than 1,000 Brand Transgressions Across Five Countries.” Journal of Marketing 84(3):46– 67. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022242920911907.
8. US Food and Drug Administration. (March 5, 2024). “Raw Milk.” https://www.fda.gov/food/resources-you-food/raw-milk.
9. Farm-to-Consumer Legal Defense Fund. (2024, July 30). “Raw Milk Nation: Interactive Map.” https://www.farmtoconsumer.org/raw-milk-nation-interactive-map/.
10. Zehnder K. (2025, June 19). “Senate Passes NC Farm Act.” Carolina Journal. https://www.carolinajournal.com/senate-passes-nc-farm-act/.
11. Aleccia J. (2024, December). “Raw Milk Sales Spike Despite CDC’s Warnings of Risk Associated with Bird Flu.” PBS News. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/health/raw-milk-sales-spike-despite-cdcs-warnings-of-risk-associated-with-bird-flu.

CHAPTER 11

1. Grynbaum MM. (2014, June 26). “New York’s Ban on Big Sodas Is Rejected by Final Court.” New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/27/nyregion/city-loses-final-appeal-on-limiting-sales-of-large-sodas.html.
2. O’Connor A. (2015, November 24). “Coke’s Chief Scientist, Who Orchestrated Obesity Research, Is Leaving.” New York Times. https://archive.nytimes.com/well.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/11/24/cokes-chief-scientist-who-orchestrated-obesity-research-is-leaving/.
3. Applebaum RS. (2012, August 7). “Balancing the Debate: The Food Industry: Trends and Opportunities.” 29th International Sweetener Symposium. PowerPoint presentation. http://www.phaionline.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Rhona-Applebaum.pdf.
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid.
6. Hagstrom Report. (2012, August 17). “Coca- Cola Exec: Sugar Growers Need to Fight Off Detractors.” http://www.hagstromreport.com/2012news_files/2012_0817_coke.html.
7. Applebaum RS. (2012, August 7). “Balancing the Debate: The Food Industry: Trends and Opportunities.” 29th International Sweetener Symposium. PowerPoint presentation. http://www.phaionline.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Rhona-Applebaum.pdf.
8. Ibid. 426 Notes
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid.
11. Serodio P, Ruskin G, McKee M, et al. (2020, August 3). “Evaluating Coca- Cola’s Attempts to Influence Public Health ‘In Their Own Words’: Analysis of Coca- Cola Emails with Pub- lic Health Researchers Leading the Global Energy Balance Network.” Public Health Nutri- tion 23(14):2647– 53. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980020002098; Associated Press. (2015, November 24). “Excerpts from Emails Between Coke, Anti- Obesity Group.” https:// apnews.com/general-news-eac573c073b6429bb302d94acc787c2b.
12. Applebaum RS. (2012). “Balancing the Debate. The Food Industry: Trends and Opportu- nities.” 29th International Sweetener Symposium. PowerPoint presentation. http://www.phaionline.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Rhona-Applebaum.pdf.
13. Katzmarzyk PT, Barreira TV, Broyles ST, et al. (2015). “Relationship Between Lifestyle Behaviors and Obesity in Children Ages 9– 11: Results from a 12-Country Study.” Obesity 23(8):1696– 702. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.21152/.
14. Pennington Biomedical Research Center. (2015, August 3). “Pennington Biomedi- cal Research Study Shows Lack of Physical Activity Is a Major Predictor of Childhood Obe- sity.” Press release. https://www.pbrc.edu/news/press-releases/?ArticleID=284.
15. Lurie J. (2015, November 12). “Lurie: Coca- Cola Spends Millions Funding Research That— Surprise!— Says Soda Is Just Fine.” Mother Jones. https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2015/11/coca-cola-research-funding-universities-colleges/.
16. Serôdio PM, McKee M, Stuckler D. (2018, March 21). “Coca- Cola— A Model of Transpar- ency in Research Partnerships? A Network Analysis of Coca- Cola’s Research Funding (2008– 2016).” Public Health Nutrition 21(9):1594– 607. https://doi.org/10.1017/S136898001700307X.
17. Fabbri A, Holland TJ, Bero LA. (2018, December). “Food Industry Sponsorship of Aca- demic Research: Investigating Commercial Bias in the Research Agenda.” Public Health Nutrition 21(18):3422– 30.
18. National Center for Biotechnology Information. (2015). “Introduction.” In Physical Activ- ity: Moving Toward Obesity Solutions: Workshop Summary. National Academies Press. https:// www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK333475/.
19. Simon M. (2015, June). “Nutrition Scientists on the Take from Big Food: Has the American Society for Nutrition Lost All Credibility?” EatDrinkPolitics. https://www.eatdrinkpolitics.com/wp-content/uploads/ASNReportFinal.pdf.
20. Lamar et al. v. The C oca- Cola Company and the American Beverage Association. (2017, July 13). Com- plaint for Declaratory and Injunctive Relief. Superior Court of the District of Columbia, Civil Division. https://www.cspinet.org/sites/default/files/attachment/1_71217%20FINAL.pdf.
21. O’Connor A. (2015, August 9). “Coca- Cola Funds Scientists Who Shift Blame for Obesity Away from Bad Diets.” New York Times. https://archive.nytimes.com/well.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/08/09/coca-cola-f unds-scientists-who-shift-blame-for-obesity-away-from-bad-diets/.
22. Sacks G, Riesenberg D, Mialon M, et al. (2020, December 16). “The Characteristics and Extent of Food Industry Involvement in Peer- Reviewed Research Articles from 10 Leading Nutrition- Related Journals in 2018.” PLOS One 15(12):e0243144. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243144.
23. Fischer K. (2014, May 30). “Nutritionists Outraged by Study Touting Diet Soda for Weight Loss.” Parade. https://parade.com/299317/kristenfischer/nutritionists-outraged-by-study-touting-diet-soda-for-weight-loss/.
24. Olinger D. (2015, December 26). “CU Nutrition Expert Accepts $550,000 from Coca- Cola for Obesity Campaign.” Denver Post. https://www.denverpost.com/2015/12/26/cu-nutrition-expert-accepts-550000-from-coca-cola-for-obesity-campaign/. Notes 427
25. Choi C. (2015, November 24). “Emails Reveal Coke’s Role in Anti- Obesity Group.” Associated Press. https://apnews.com/general-news-ce372c3d89d442a79458e6d32e713865.
26. Ebbeling CB, Feldman HA, Klein GL, et al. (2018, November 14). “Effects of a Low Car- bohydrate Diet on Energy Expenditure During Weight Loss Maintenance: Randomized Trial.” BMJ 363:k4583. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k4583.
27. Right to Know. (2018, December). “Establishing the Global Energy Balance Network (GEBN).” https://usrtk.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Establishing-the-GEBN.pdf.
28. Stone K. (2018, March 28). “Internal Documents Show Coke Had Profits in Mind When It Funded Nutrition ‘Science.’ ” HealthNewsReview.org. https://web.archive.org/web/20220705164254/https://www.healthnewsreview.org/2018/03/internal-documents- show-coke-had-profits-in-mind-when-it-funded-nutrition-science/.
29. O’Connor A. (2015, August 9). “Coca- Cola Funds Scientists Who Shift Blame for Obesity Away from Bad Diets.” New York Times. https://archive.nytimes.com/well.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/08/09/coca-cola-funds-scientists-who-shift-blame-for-obesity-away-from-bad-diets/.
30. O’Connor A. (2015, November 24). “Coke’s Chief Scientist, Who Orchestrated Obesity Research, Is Leaving.” New York Times. https://archive.nytimes.com/well.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/11/24/cokes-chief-scientist-who-orchestrated-obesity-research-is-leaving/; CBS News. (2015, December 1). “Anti- Obesity Group Funded by Coke Disbanding.” https://www.cbsnews.com/news/anti-obesity-group-funded-by-coke-global-energy-balance-network-disbanding/.
31. Lesser LI, Ebbeling CB, Goozner M, et al. (2007, January 9). “Relationship Between Fund- ing Source and Conclusion Among Nutrition- Related Scientific Articles.” PLOS Medicine 4(1):e5. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0040005.
32. Sifferlin A. (2016, October 10). “Soda Companies Fund 96 Health Groups in the U.S.” Time. https://time.com/4522940/soda-pepsi-coke-health-obesity/.
33. Steele S, Ruskin G, McKee M, et al. (2019, May 8). “ ‘Always Read the Small Print’: A Case Study of Commercial Research Funding, Disclosure and Agreements with Coca- Cola.” Journal of Public Health Policy 40: 273– 85. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41271-019-00170-9.
34. Brownell KD, Warner KE. (2009, March 11). “The Perils of Ignoring History: Big Tobacco Played Dirty and Millions Died. How Similar Is Big Food?” Milbank Quarterly 87(1):259–
35. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0009.2009.00555.x. 3 5. Ibid.
36. Center for Consumer Freedom. (2019). “Obesity Hype.” https://www.consumerfreedom.com/print-ad/obesity-hype/.
37. Hiltzik MA. (1985, September 28). “General Foods Backs $5.6-Billion Takeover Bid by Philip Morris.” Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-09-28-fi-17615-story.html.
38. Katzmarzyk PT, Barreira TV, Broyles ST, et al. (2015, July 14). “Relationship Between Lifestyle Behaviors and Obesity in Children Ages 9– 11: Results from a 12-Country Study.” Obesity 23(8):1696– 702. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.21152.
39. Ludwig DS, Peterson KE, Gortmaker SL. (2001, February 17). “Relation Between Con- sumption of Sugar- Sweetened Drinks and Childhood Obesity: A Prospective, Observational Analysis.” The Lancet 357(9255):505– 8. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(00)04041-1.
40. Ludwig DS, Peterson KE, Gortmaker SL. (2001, February 17). “Relation Between Con- sumption of Sugar- Sweetened Drinks and Childhood Obesity: A Prospective, Observational Analysis.” The Lancet 357(9255):505– 8. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(00)04041-1.
41. Collier R. (2017). “Litigious Future for Big Sugar?” Canadian Medical Association Journal 189(9):E378–7 9. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.1095388.
42. Simon M. (2017, July 13). “Lawsuit Alleges Coca- Cola, American Beverage Association Deceiving Public About Soda- Related Health Problems.” Center for Science in the Public 428 Notes Interest. https://www.cspi.org/news/lawsuit-alleges-coca-cola-american-beverage-association-deceiving-public-about-soda-related.
43. Loria K. (2017, March 28). “Coke- Funded Study Blames Things Other than Sugar for Causing Obesity.” Food Dive. https://www.fooddive.com/news/coke-funded-study-blames-things-other-than-sugar-for-causing-obesity/439080/.
44. Chartres N, Fabbri A, Bero, LA. (2016). “Association of Industry Sponsorship with Out- comes of Nutrition Studies: A Systematic Review and Meta- Analysis.” JAMA Internal Med- icine 176(12):1769– 77. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.6721.
45. Simon M. (2015, June). “Nutrition Scientists on the Take from Big Food: Has the American Society for Nutrition Lost All Credibility?” EatDrinkPolitics. https://www.eatdrinkpolitics.com/2015/06/14/nutrition-scientists-on-the-take-from-big-food/.
46. Lesser LI, Ebbeling CB, Goozner M, et al. (2007, January 9). “Relationship Between Fund- ing Source and Conclusion Among Nutrition- Related Scientific Articles.” PLOS Medicine 4(1):e5. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0040005.
47. Litman EA, Gortmaker SL, Ebbeling CB, et al. (2018, March 26). “Source of Bias in Sugar- Sweetened Beverage Research: A Systematic Review.” Public Health Nutrition 21(12):2345–
48. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980018000575.
49. Mozaffarian D. (2017, May 2). “Conflict of Interest and the Role of the Food Industry in Nutrition Research.” JAMA 317(17):1755– 56. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2017.3456.
50. O’Neill CE, Fulgoni VL III, Nicklas TA. (2011, June 14). “Association of Candy Consump- tion with Body Weight Measures, Other Health Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease, and Diet Quality in US Children and Adolescents: NHANES 1999– 2004.” Food & Nutrition Research 55. https://doi.org/10.3402/fnr.v55i0.5794.
51. Choi C. (2016, June 2). “How Candy Makers Shape Nutrition Science.” Associated Press. https://apnews.com/general-news-f9483d554430445fa6566bb0aaa293d1.
52. Ibid. 5 2. Ibid.
53. O’Neill CE, Fulgoni VL III, Nicklas TA. (2011, February). “Candy Consumption Was Not Associated with Body Weight Measures, Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease, or Meta- bolic Syndrome in US Adults: NHANES 1999–2 004.” Nutrition Research 31(2):122–3 0. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2011.01.007.
54. Erickson J, Sadeghirad B, Lytvyn L, et al. (2017, February 21). “The Scientific Basis of Guideline Recommendations on Sugar Intake: A Systematic Review.” Annals of Internal Medicine 166:257– 67. https://doi.org/10.7326/m16-2020.
55. Malkan S. (2023, September 16). “International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI) Is a Food Industry Lobby Group.” US Right to Know. https://usrtk.org/pesticides/ilsi-is-a-food-industry-lobby-group/.
56. Mohamed HJBJ, Loy SL, Taib MNM, et al. (2015, December 30). “Characteristics Associ- ated with the Consumption of Malted Drinks Among Malaysian Primary School Children: Findings from the MyBreakfast Study.” BMC Public Health 15:1322. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-0 15-2 666-5.
57. Fuller T, O’Connor A, Richtel M. (2017, December 23). “In Asia’s Fattest Country, Nutri- tionists Take Money from Food Giants.” New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/23/health/obesity-malaysia-nestle.html.
58. O’Connor A. (2017, November 21). “Sugar Industry Long Downplayed Potential Harms.” New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/21/well/eat/sugar-industry-long-downplayed-potential-harms-of-sugar.html.
59. Kearns CE, Apollonio D, Glantz SA. (2017, November 21). “Sugar Industry Sponsorship of Germ- Free Rodent Studies Linking Sucrose to Hyperlipidemia and Cancer: An Historical Notes 429 Analysis of Internal Documents.” PLOS Biology 15(11):e2003460. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.2003460.
60. O’Connor A. (2017, November 21). “Sugar Industry Long Downplayed Potential Harms.” New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/21/well/eat/sugar-industry-long-downplayed-potential-harms-of-sugar.html.
61. Domonoske C. (2016, September 13). “50 Years Ago, Sugar Industry Quietly Paid Scientists to Point Blame at Fat.” NPR. https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/09/13/493739074/50-years-ago-sugar-industry-quietly-paid-scientists-to-point-blame-at-fat.
62. Stare, FJ. (1967). “Dietary Fats, Carbohydrates and Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease.” New England Journal of Medicine 277(4):270– 405. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM196707272770405.
63. Saxon W. (2002, April 11). “Fredrick J. Stare, 91, Dies; Influential Early Nutritionist.” New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2002/04/11/us/fredrick-j-stare-91-dies-influential-early-nutritionist.html.
64. Stare FJ. (1991). Adventures in Nutrition. Christopher Publishing House.
65. Oppenheimer GM, Benrubi ID. (2014, January). “McGovern’s Senate Select Committee on Nutrition and Human Needs Versus the Meat Industry on the Diet- Heart Question (1976– 1977).” American Journal of Public Health 104:59– 69. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301464.
66. Lipton E. (2014, February 11). “Rival Industries Sweet- Talk the Public.” New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/12/business/rival-industries-sweet-talk-the-public.html
67. Rippe JM, Sievenpiper JL, Lê K-A, et al. (2016, December 13). “What Is the Appropriate Upper Limit for Added Sugars Consumption?” Nutrition Reviews 75(1):18– 36. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuw046.
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69. Rippe JM, Sievenpiper JL, Lê K-A, et al. (2016, December 13). “What Is the Appropriate Upper Limit for Added Sugars Consumption?” Nutrition Reviews 75(1):18– 36. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuw046; Lowndes J, Sinnett SS, Rippe JM. (2015, October 23). “No Effect of Added Sugar Consumed at Median American Intake Level on Glucose Tolerance or Insulin Resistance.” Nutrients 7(10):8830– 8845. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7105430; Lowndes J, Sinnett S, Yu Z, et al. (2014, August 8). “The Effects of Fructose- Containing Sugars on Weight, Body Composition and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors When Consumed at Up to the 90th Percentile Population Consumption Level for Fructose.” Nutrients 6(8):3153–6 8. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6083153.
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71. Kelly SAM, Summerbell CD, Brynes A, et al. (2007, April 18). “Wholegrain Cereals for Coronary Heart Disease.” Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2:CD005051. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd005051.pub2.
72. Mitrovic´ D, Sredovic´ Ignjatovic´ I, Kozarski M, et al. (2024, April). “Wine Is More than Just a Beverage: Chemical Diversity, Health Benefits, and Immunomodulating Potential of Wine Polyphenols.” Food Safety and Health 2(2):196– 212. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsh3.12036.
73. Office of the US Surgeon General. (2025). “Alcohol and Cancer Risk: The U.S. Sur- geon General’s Advisory.” https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/oash-alcohol-c ancer-risk.pdf. 430 Notes
74. Nestle M. (2016, May 10). “Congress, FOIA, and Checkoff Programs.” Food Politics (blog). https://www.foodpolitics.com/2016/05/congress-foia-and-checkoff-programs/.
75. Archer E, Pavela G, Lavie CJ. (2015, July). “The Inadmissibility of What We Eat in America and NHANES Dietary Data in Nutrition and Obesity Research and the Scientific Formu- lation of National Dietary Guidelines.” Mayo Clinic Proceedings 90(7):911– 26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.04.009. 7 6. Ibid.
76. Sinha R, Cross AJ, Graubard BI, et al. (2009, March 23). “Meat Intake and Mortality: A Prospective Study of Over Half a Million People.” Archives of Internal Medicine 169(6):562– 71. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2009.6.
77. Ebbeling CB, Feldman HA, Klein GL, et al. (2018, November 14). “Effects of a Low Car- bohydrate Diet on Energy Expenditure During Weight Loss Maintenance: Randomized Trial.” BMJ 363:k4583. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k4583.
78. Ibid.
79. Hall KD, Ayuketah A, Brychta R, et al. (2019, July 2). “Ultra- Processed Diets Cause Excess Calorie Intake and Weight Gain: An Inpatient Randomized Controlled Trial of Ad Libitum Food Intake.” Cell Metabolism 30(1):P67– 77.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2019.05.008.
80. Ibid.
81. Thacker PD. (2017, July 21). “Flacking for GMOs: How the Biotech Industry Cultivates Positive Media— And Discourages Criticism.” The Progressive. https://progressive.org/magazine/how-the-biotech-industry-cultivates-positive-media/.
82. Senapathy K. (2021, June 28). “Beware of Accidentally Starving Your Breastfed Newborn, Warns the Fed Is Best Foundation.” Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/kavinsenapathy/2016/09/27/beware-of-accidentally-starving-your-breastfed-newborn/.

CHAPTER 12

1. Grynbaum MM. (2012, October 12). “Soda Industry Sues to Stop a Sales Ban on Big Drinks.” New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/13/nyregion/soda-industry-sues-to-stop-b loombergs-s ales-l imits.html.
2. Grynbaum MM. (2014, June 26). “New York’s Ban on Big Sodas Is Rejected by Final Court.” New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/27/nyregion/city-loses-final-appeal-on-limiting-sales-of-large-sodas.html.
3. Lavender P. (2013, March 12). “Minority Groups and Bottlers Team Up in Battles over Soda.” HuffPost. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/soda_n_2864953.
4. Walker J. (2013, March 13). “Behind Soda Industry’s Win, a Phalanx of Sponsored Minority Groups.” HuffPost. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/soda-ban-new-york-michael-bloomberg_n_2864712.
5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2024, May 14). “Adult Obesity Facts.” https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/adult-obesity-facts/index.html.
6. Erbentraut J. (2017, April 29). “People of Color Bear the Brunt of Fast- Food Explosion.” HuffPost. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/fast-food-minority-communities_n_59035fb5 e4b02655f83c9999.
7. Harris JL, Shehan C, Gross R. (2015, August). “Food Advertising Targeted to Hispanic and Black Youth: Contributing to Health Disparities.” Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obe- sity, University of Connecticut. https://uconnruddcenter.media.uconn.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/2909/2020/09/272-7-Rudd_Targeted-Marketing-Report_Release_0811151 .pdf.
8. Medical Daily. (2015, August 12). “Unhealthy Food Ads Target Minorities, Possibly Con- tributing to Childhood Obesity.” https://www.medicaldaily.com/unhealthy-food-ads-target-minorities-possibly-contributing-childhood-obesity-347576. Notes 431
9. O’Connor A. (2016, October 10). “Coke and Pepsi Give Millions to Public Health, Then Lobby Against It.” New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/10/well/eat/coke-and-pepsi-give-millions-to-public-health-then-lobby-against-it.html.
10. Diep W. (2025, February 21). “Scholarships Supporting Black Students from Low- Income Backgrounds.” National College Attainment Network. https://www.ncan.org/news/694376/Scholarships-Supporting-Black-Students-from-Low-Income-Backgrounds.htm.
11. Confessore N. (2013, March 13). “Minority Groups and Bottlers Team Up in Battles over Soda.” New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/13/nyregion/behind-soda-industrys-win-a-phalanx-of-sponsored-minority-groups.html.
12. Dewey C. (2017, July 13). “ ‘We’re Losing More People to the Sweets than to the Streets’: Why Two Black Pastors Are Suing Coca- Cola.” Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2017/07/13/were-losing-more-people-to-the-sweets-than-to-the -streets-why-two-black-pastors-are-suing-coca-cola/.
13. Ibid.
14. Lowe AP, Hacker G. (2013). “Selfish Giving: How the Soda Industry Uses Philanthropy to Sweeten Its Profits.” Center for Science in the Public Interest. https://cspinet.org/sites/default/files/attachment/cspi_soda_philanthropy_online.pdf.
15. Neuman W. (2010, December 14). “Save the Children Breaks with Soda Tax Effort.” New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/15/business/15soda.html.
16. Lowe AP, Hacker G. (2013). “Selfish Giving: How the Soda Industry Uses Philanthropy to Sweeten Its Profits.” Center for Science in the Public Interest. https://cspinet.org/sites/default/files/attachment/cspi_soda_philanthropy_online.pdf.
17. Zhong Y, Auchincloss AH, Lee BK, et al. (2018, July). “The Short- Term Impacts of the Philadelphia Beverage Tax on Beverage Consumption.” American Journal of Preventive Medi- cine 55(1):26–3 4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2018.02.017.
18. Roberto CA, Lawman HG, LeVasseur MT, et al. (2019, May 14). “Association of a Beverage Tax on Sugar- Sweetened and Artificially Sweetened Beverages with Changes in Beverage Prices and Sales at Chain Retailers in a Large Urban Setting.” JAMA 321(18):1799–8 10. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.4249.
19. Jacobs A. (2019, May 20). “Tuesday Could Be the Beginning of the End of Philadelphia’s Soda Tax.” New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/20/health/soda-tax-philadelphia.html.
20. O’Connor A. (2015, August 9). “Coca- Cola Funds Scientists Who Shift Blame for Obesity Away from Bad Diets.” New York Times. https://archive.nytimes.com/well.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/08/09/coca-cola-funds-scientists-who-shift-blame-for-obesity-away-from-bad-diets/.
21. Bottemiller Evich H. (2016, November 5). “Soda’s Last Stand.” Politico. https://www.politico.com/story/2016/11/sodas-last-stand-230805.
22. Center for Science in the Public Interest. (2016, December). “Soda Industry’s Big Bucks to Fight Taxes.” https://www.cspinet.org/sites/default/files/attachment/Big%20Soda%20spending.pdf.
23. Center for Science in the Public Interest. (n.d.). “Soda Industry’s Big Bucks to Fight Taxes.” https://www.cspinet.org/resource/soda-i ndustry%E2%80%99s-b ig-b ucks-f ight-t axes. Accessed August 20, 2025.
24. Long MW, Gortmaker SL, Ward ZJ, et al. (2015, July). “Cost- Effectiveness of a Sugar- Sweetened Beverage Excise Tax in the U.S.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 49(1):112–2 3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2015.03.004. 2 5. Ibid.
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33. Husten L. (2012, July 9). “Coca- Cola, the Olympic Torch and the American College of Cardiology.” Cardio Brief. http://cardiobrief.org/2012/07/09/coca-cola-the-olympic-torch-and-the-american-college-of-cardiology/.
34. Lowe AP, Hacker G. (2013). “Selfish Giving: How the Soda Industry Uses Philanthropy to Sweeten Its Profits.” Center for Science in the Public Interest. https://cspinet.org/sites/default/files/attachment/cspi_soda_philanthropy_online.pdf.
35. Scott- Thomas C. (2009, October 30). “Doctors Resign over Coca- Cola Funding.” Food- Navigator USA. https://www.foodnavigator-usa.com/Article/2009/10/30/Doctors-resign-over-Coca-Cola-funding/.
36. American Heart Association. (2018). “2017– 2018: American Heart Association: Support from Pharmaceutical and Biotech Companies, Device Manufacturers, and Health Insur- ance Providers.” https://www.heart.org/-/media/files/finance/pharma-device-insurance-corporate-funding-fiscal-20172018.pdf.
37. Ioannidis JPA. (2018, October). “Professional Societies Should Abstain from Authorship of Guidelines and Disease Definition Statements.” Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Out- comes 11(10):e004889.
38. Chowdhury R, Warnakula S, Kunutsor S, et al. (2014, March 18). “Association of Dietary, Circulating, and Supplement Fatty Acids with Coronary Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-A nalysis.” Annals of Internal Medicine 160(6):398– 406. https://doi.org/10.7326/m13-1788.
39. Nutrition Coalition. (2024, September 20). “Executive Summary of Evidence on Saturated Fats and Heart Disease.” http://www.nutritioncoalition.us/saturated- fats-do-they-cause-heart-disease/.
40. Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. (2024). “Annual Report: Fiscal Year 2024.” https://www.eatrightpro.org/-/media/files/eatrightpro/about-us/annual- reports/annual-report-2024 .pdf?rev=a4529e6aa1824a79b7a7335815fbb6d6&hash=7DD762E09FDEB8119C8BB801 B84A2B6B. Notes 433
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46. Simon M. (2013, January). “And Now a Word from Our Sponsors: Are America’s Nutrition Professionals in the Pocket of Big Food?” EatDrinkPolitics. http://www.eatdrinkpolitics.com/wp-content/uploads/AND_Corporate_Sponsorship_Report.pdf.
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48. Beck A. (2024, July 5). “Kraft Singles Aren’t Actually Cheese. Here’s Why.” Mashed. https://www.mashed.com/263200/kraft-singles-arent-actually-cheese-heres-why.
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51. Comedy Central. (2015, March 18). “The Daily S how— The Snacks of Life.” YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jCG_i9lnBFc.
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54. Pfister K. (2015, October 8). “Here Are the People Coca- Cola Has Paid to Manufacture Health Claims.” Observer. https://observer.com/2015/10/here-are-the-people-coca-cola-has-paid-to-manufacture-health-claims; Nestle M. (2018). Unsavory Truth: How Food Com- panies Skew the Science of What We Eat. Basic Books.
55. Pfister K. (2017, February 20). “Coke Is Running for President of the National Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics.” Medium. https://medium.com/@ninjasforhealth/coke-is-running-for-president-of-the-national-academy-of-nutrition-dietetics-5ec674140d3d. 434 Notes
56. Cochran N. (n.d.). “About.” https://www.nevacochranrd.com/about.html.
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63. Ibid. 6 8. Ibid.
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1. Sarris J, Logan AC, Akbaraly TN, et al. (2015, March 1). “Nutritional Medicine as Main- stream in Psychiatry.” Lancet Psychiatry 2(3):271– 74. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2215-0366(14)00051-0. 438 Notes
2. Joseph N, Zhang- James Y, Perl A, et al. (2014). “Oxidative Stress and ADHD: A Meta- Analysis.” Journal of Attention Disorders 18(5):435– 444. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054712455519.
3. Nasim S, Naeini AA, Najafi M, et al. (2019, April 3). “Relationship Between Antioxidant Status and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Among Children.” International Journal of Preventive Medicine 10:41. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_80_18.
4. Herbst EAF et al. (2014). “Omega-3 Supplementation Alters Mitochondrial Membrane Composition and Respiration Kinetics in Human Skeletal Muscle.” Journal of Physiology 592(6):1341– 52. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2013.267336.
5. Ibid.
6. Challa SD, Aroda VR, Shlipak MG. (2020). “Magnesium Deficiency Causes a Reversible, Metabolic, Diastolic Cardiomyopathy.” Journal of the American Heart Association 9(20): e020205. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.120.020205.
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8. World Health Organization. (2025, May 15). “World Health Statistics 2025: Monitoring Health for the SDGs, Sustainable Development Goals.” https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240110496.
9. Gła˛bska D, Guzek D, Groele B, et al. (2020). “Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Mental Health in Adults: A Systematic Review.” Nutrients 12(15):115. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12010115.
10. Gillespie KM, White MJ, Kemps E, et al. (2025, June 28). “Vegetable and Fruit Consump- tion and Psychological Distress: Findings from Australian National Health Survey Data, 2011– 2018.” International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 22(7):1037. https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/22/7/1037.
11. Jacka FN, O’Neil A, Opie R, et al. (2017). “A Randomised Controlled Study of Dietary Improvement for Adults with Major Depression (the ‘SMILES’ Trial).” BMC Medicine 15:23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-017-0791-y.
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3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. (2011, December). “NIOSH Pesticide Poisoning Monitoring Program Protects Farm- workers.” http://medbox.iiab.me/modules/en-cdc/www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2012-1 08.2.
4. Ibid.
5. Patel S, Sangeeta S. (2019, January). “Pesticides As the Drivers of Neuropsychotic Diseases, Cancers, and Teratogenicity Among Agro- Workers as Well as General Public.” Environmen- tal Science and Pollution Research International 26(1):91–1 00. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3642-2. Notes 441
6. US Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2023, May). “Occupational Employment and Wages, May 2023: 35-3031, Waiters and Waitresses.” https://www.bls.gov/oes/2023/may/oes353031.htm.
7. Kurtzleben D. (2013, March 29). “The 10 Lowest- Paid Jobs in America.” U.S. News and World Report. https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2013/03/29/the-10-lowest-paid-jobs-in-america.
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11. US Department of Labor. (2025, July 31). “Wage and Hour Division: Minimum Wages for Tipped Employees.” https://www.dol.gov/whd/state/tipped.htm.
12. Ramchandi A. (2018, January 29). “There’s a Sexual- Harassment Epidemic on America’s Farms.” The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2018/01/agriculture-sexual-harassment/550109/.
13. Agroberichten Buitenland. (2022, June 13). “Child Labour in Mexican Agriculture Subject to Pressures from USMCA and Mexican Employers.” https://www.agroberichtenbuitenland.nl/actueel/nieuws/2022/06/13/child-labour-in-mexican-agriculture-subject-to-pressures-from-usmca-and-mexican-employers.
14. Proceso. (2019, May 29). “ ‘Desaparecen’ 80 jornaleros indígenas en Chihuahua tras denun- cia de abuso laboral.” https://www.proceso.com.mx/488517/desaparecen-80-jornaleros-indigenas-en-chihuahua-tras-denuncia-abuso-laboral.
15. Linthicum K. (2019, November 20). “Inside the Bloody Cartel War for Mexico’s Multibillion- Dollar Avocado Industry.” Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2019-11-20/mexico-cartel-violence-avocados.
16. Financial Times. (2025, June 28). “Golden Nuggets: Chicken Solidifies Its Dominance of the US Food Chain.” https://www.ft.com/content/e473caec-5304-4a53-a1cb-51cd1b7a0806.
17. Blazejczyk A. (2023, March 1). “Chicken Leads U.S. per Person Availability of Meat over Last Decade.” US Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/charts-of-note/chart-detail?chartId=105929.
18. Oxfam America. (n.d.). “Lives on the Line: The High Human Cost of Chicken.” https://www.oxfamamerica.org/livesontheline/. Accessed August 20, 2025.
19. Patel S, Sangeeta S. (2019, January). “Pesticides As the Drivers of Neuropsychotic Diseases, Cancers, and Teratogenicity Among Agro- Workers as Well as General Public.” Environmen- tal Science and Pollution Research International 26(1):91–1 00. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3642-2.
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28. Fair Food Program. (2021). “Fair Food Program 2021.” https://fairfoodprogram.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/FFP_2021-SOTP-REPORT_ENGLISH_client_download.pdf.

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4. Food and Agriculture Organization. (2015, April 12). “Soils Are Endangered, but the Deg- radation Can Be Rolled Back.” https://www.fao.org/newsroom/detail/Soils-are-endangered-but-the-degradation-can-be-rolled-back/.
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50. Kubsad D, Nilsson EE, King SE, et al. (2019, April 23). “Assessment of Glyphosate Induced Epigenetic Transgenerational Inheritance of Pathologies and Sperm Epimutations: Generational Toxicology.” Scientific Reports 9:6372. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-42860-0. 5 2. Ibid.
51. Vasseur C, Serra L, El Balkhi S, et al. (2024, June 15). “Glyphosate Presence in Human Sperm: First Report and Positive Correlation with Oxidative Stress in an Infertile French Population.” Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 278:116410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116410.
52. Kongtip P, Nankongnab N, Phupancharoensuk R, et al. (2017). “Glyphosate and Paraquat in Maternal and Fetal Serums in Thai Women.” Journal of Agromedicine 22(3):282–8 9. https://doi.org/10.1080/1059924X.2017.1319315.
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54. Maixner E, Wyant S. (2019, February 5). “Big Changes Ahead in Land Ownership and Farm Operators.” AgriPulse. https://www.agri-pulse.com/articles/11869-big-changes-ahead-in-land-ownership-and-farm-operators.
55. De Schutter O. (2019, February). “Towards a Common Food Policy for the European Union.” International Panel of Experts on Sustainable Food Systems. https://www.ipes-food.org/_img/upload/files/CFP_FullReport.pdf.
56. The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity. (n.d.) “Agriculture and Food.” http://teebweb.org/agrifood/. Accessed August 20, 2025.
57. United Nations, Conference on Trade and Development. (2013, September 18). “Trade and Environment Review 2013: Wake Up Before It Is Too Late: Make Agriculture Truly Sus- tainable Now for Food Security in a Changing Climate.” https://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/ditcted2012d3_en.pdf; Molla R. (2014, October 30). “How Much of World’s Greenhouse Gas Emissions Come from Agriculture?” https://www.grain.org/article/entries/5272-howmuch-of-world-sgreenhouse-gas-emissions-come-from-agriculture.
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59. Office of US Representative Earl Blumenauer. (2017). “Growing Opportunities: Reform- ing the Farm Bill for Every American.” https://blumenauer.house.gov/sites/blumenauer.house.gov/files/documents/GrowingOpportunities.pdf
60. US Department of Agriculture. (2012). “Census of Agriculture.” https://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/AgCensus/2012/Online_Resources/Typology/. 446 Notes
61. Environmental Working Group. (2019). “Commodity Subsidies in the United States Totaled 205.4 Billion from 1995– 2017.” https://farm.ewg.org/progdetail.php?fips=00000&progcode=totalfarm&page=conc&regionname=theUnitedStates.

CHAPTER 17

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5. Melillo J, Gribkoff E. (2025, July 25). “Soil- Based Carbon Sequestration.” Massachusetts Insti- tute of Technology. https://climate.mit.edu/explainers/soil-based-carbon-sequestration.
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22. United States Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service. (2024, June). “Acreage ( June 2024).” https://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/Todays_Reports/reports/acrg0624.pdf.
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25. Lehner P. (2017, August 16). “The Hidden Costs of Food.” HuffPost. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/the-h idden-c osts-of-food_b_11492520.
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27. United Nations. (n.d.) “Global Value.” United Nations Decade for Deserts and the Fight Against Desertification. https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/value.shtml. Accessed August 20, 2025.
28. Byck P. (n.d.). Carbon Cowboys. https://carboncowboys.org/. Accessed August 20, 2025.
29. Alexander C. (2019, April 12). “Cape Town’s ‘Day Zero’ Water Crisis, One Year Later.” Bloomberg. https://www.citylab.com/environment/2019/04/cape-town-water-conservation-south-africa-drought/587011/.
30. United Nations Development Programme. (n.d.). “At the Core of Sustainable Develop- ment: Water.” https://www.undp.org/water. Accessed August 20, 2025.
31. Mekonnen MM, Hoekstra AY. (2016, February 12). “Four Billion People Facing Severe Water Scarcity.” Science Advances 2:e1500323. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1500323. 3 3. Ibid.
32. Khokhar T. (2017, March 22). “Chart: Globally, 70% of Freshwater Is Used for Agricul- ture.” World Bank. https://blogs.worldbank.org/opendata/chart-globally-70-freshwater-used -agriculture.
33. Heinke J, Lannerstad M, Gerten D, et al. (2020). “Water Use in Global Livestock Production— Opportunities and Constraints for Increasing Water Productivity.” Water Resources Research 56(12):e2019WR026995. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019WR026995. 448 Notes
34. United States Geological Survey. (2019, October 25). “The Distribution of Water On, In, and Above the Earth.” https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/distribution-water-and-above-earth.
35. Plumer B. (2015, September 14). “Saudi Arabia Squandered Its Groundwater and Agricul- ture Collapsed. California, Take Note.” Vox. https://www.vox.com/2015/9/14/9323379/saudi-arabia-squandered-its-groundwater-and-agriculture-collapsed.
36. Hoenigman P. (2025, January 2). “The Dry Future of the American Plains: Threats to the Ogallala Aquifer.” https://voices.uchicago.edu/triplehelix/2025/01/02/the-dry-future-of-the-american-plains-threats-to-the-ogallala-aquifer.
37. Little JB. (2019, March 1). “The Ogallala Aquifer: Saving a Vital U.S. Water Source.” Scientific American. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-ogallala-aquifer/.
38. Hiel MP, Barbieux S, Pierreux J, et al. (2018, May 23). “Impact of Crop Residue Manage- ment on Crop Production and Soil Chemistry After Seven Years of Crop Rotation in Tem- perate Climate, Loamy Soils.” PeerJ 6:e4836. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4836.
39. US Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. (2014, June 6). “USDA Helps Landowners Manage for Soil Health, Buffer Drought Effects.” https://www.usda.gov/about-usda/news/blog/usda-helps-landowners-manage-soil-health-buffer-drought-effects.
40. Rawnsley J. (2024, April 18). “The Rise of the Carbon Farmer.” Wired. https://www.wired.com/story/carbon-farming-regenerative-agriculture.
41. Emory University. (2010, April). “Energy and Food Production.” https://sustainability.emory.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/InfoSheet-Energy26FoodProduction.pdf.
42. Dryfoos D. (2024, August 2). “Gulf Dead Zone Is Larger than Average This Year, the Size of New Jersey.” Investigate Midwest. https://investigatemidwest.org/2024/08/02/gulf-dead-zone-is-larger-than-average-this-year-the-size-of-new-jersey.
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44. Malmquist D. (n.d.). “Dead Zones: Lack of Oxygen a Key Stressor on Marine Ecosystems.” Virginia Institute of Marine Science. https://www.vims.edu/research/topics/dead_zones/. Accessed August 20, 2025.
45. United Nations Environment Programme. (n.d.). “Facts About Nitrogen Pollution.” https://www.unep.org/facts-about-nitrogen-pollution. Accessed August 20, 2025.
46. Schechinger A. (2020, August 26). “The High Cost of Algae Blooms.” Environmental Working Group. https://www.ewg.org/research/high-cost-of-algae-blooms.
47. Davis W. (2018, September 22). “Hurricane’s Aftermath Floods Hog Lagoons in North Carolina.” NPR. https://www.npr.org/2018/09/22/650698240/hurricane-s-aftermath-floods-hog-lagoons-in-north-carolina.
48. Quist AJL, Fliss MD, Richardson DB, et al. (2024, December 27). “Hurricanes, Industrial Animal Operations, and Acute Gastrointestinal Illness in North Carolina, USA.” Environ- mental Research: Health 3(1):015005. https://doi.org/10.1088/2752-5309/ad9ecf.
49. US Environmental Protection Agency. (n.d.). “Consumer Fact Sheet on Glyphosate.” https://archive.epa.gov/water/archive/web/pdf/archived-c onsumer-f act-s heet-on -glyphosate.pdf. Accessed August 21, 2025.
50. Aib H, Parvez MS, Czédli HM. (2025). “Pharmaceuticals and Microplastics in Aquatic Environments: A Comprehensive Review of Pathways and Distribution, Toxicological and Ecological Effects.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 22(5):799. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22050799. Notes 449
51. World Health Organization. (n.d.). “Microplastics in Drinking- Water.” https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/326499/9789241516198-eng.pdf.
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53. The Ocean Cleanup. (n.d.). “The Great Pacific Garbage Patch: How Much Plastic Floats There?” https://theoceancleanup.com/great-pacific-garbage-patch/#how-much-plastic-floats-in-the-great-pacific-garbage-patch. Accessed August 21, 2025.
54. IPBES. (2019, May 6). “Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Ser- vices.” https://www.ipbes.net/news/ipbes-g lobal-a ssessment-s ummary-p olicymakers-p df.
55. Living Planet Index. (n.d.). “Living Plant Index.” http://livingplanetindex.org. Accessed August 21, 2025.
56. af Magazine. (n.d.) “Beyond GDP: Recognizing the US$125 Trillion Value of Global Eco- systems.” https://www.af-info.or.jp/en/af_magazine/029.html. Accessed August 21, 2025.
57. United Nations. (2019). “Nature’s Dangerous Decline ‘Unprecedented’; Species Extinction Rates ‘Accelerating.’ ” https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/blog/2019/05/nature-decline-unprecedented-report/.
58. Hoff M. (2018, November 1). “As Insect Populations Decline, Scientists Are Trying to Understand Why.” Scientific American. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/as-insect-populations-decline-scientists-are-trying-to-understand-why/.
59. Hallmann CA, Sorg M, Jongejans E, et al. (2017, October 18). “More than 75 Percent Decline over 27 Years in Total Flying Insect Biomass in Protected Areas.” PLOS One 12(10):e0185809. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0185809.
60. Ramanujan K. (2012, May 22). “Insect Pollinators Contribute $29 Billion to U.S. Farm Income.” Cornell University. http://news.cornell.edu/stories/2012/05/insect-pollinators-contribute-29b-us-farm-income.
61. Gullap M, Erkovan HI, Koç A. (2011). “The Effect of Bovine Saliva on Growth Attributes and Forage Quality of Two Contrasting Cool Season Perennial Grasses Grown in Three Soils of Different Fertility.” Rangeland Journal 33(3):3 07–1 3. http://www.publish.csiro.au/?paper=RJ10063.
62. Rodale Institute. (2020, September 30). “Regenerative Ag Could Sequester 100 Percent of Annual Carbon Emissions.” https://rodaleinstitute.org/blog/regenerative-ag-could-sequester-100-percent-of-annual-carbon-emissions/.
63. Ranganathan J, Waite R, Searchinger T, et al. (2020, May 12). “Regenerative Agriculture: Good for Soil Health, but Limited Potential to Mitigate Climate Change.” World Resources Institute. https://www.wri.org/insights/regenerative-a griculture-g ood-s oil-h ealth-l imited -p otential-m itigate-c limate-c hange.
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66. EcoWatch. (2016, February 9). “Tyson Foods Dumps More Pollution into Waterways Each Year than Exxon.” https://www.ecowatch.com/tyson-foods-dumps-more-pollution-into-waterways-each-year-than-exxon-1882169913.html.
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68. University of Pennsylvania. (2019, May 16). “With Unprecedented Threats to Nature at Hand, How to Turn the Tide.” https://penntoday.upenn.edu/news/unprecedented-threats-nature-hand-how-t urn-tide.
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72. Capehart T, Proper S. (2019, July 29). “Corn Is America’s Largest Crop in 2019.” US Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. https://www.usda.gov/about-usda/news/blog/corn-americas-largest-crop-2019.
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77. Mitchell S. (2018, February 16). “6 Ways to Rein In Today’s Toxic Monopolies.” The Nation. https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/six-ways-to-rein-in-todays-toxic-monopolies/.
78. Holder EH Jr. (2010, April 20). “Attorney General Eric Holder Speaks at the Sherman Act Award Ceremony.” US Department of Justice, Office of Public Affairs. https://www.justice.gov/archives/opa/speech/attorney-general-eric-holder-speaks-sherman-act-award-ceremony.
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CHAPTER 18

1. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2014). “Summary for Policymakers.” In O. Edenhofer et al. (Eds.), Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/ipcc_wg3_ar5_summary-for-policymakers.pdf.
2. Ritchie H. (2021, March 18). “How Much of Our Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Come from Food?” Our World in Data. https://ourworldindata.org/greenhouse-gas-emissions-food.
3. Columbia Climate School. (2018, February 21). “Can Soil Help Combat Climate Change? State of the Planet.” https://news.climate.columbia.edu/2018/02/21/can-soil-help-combat-climate-change/.
4. Regenetarianism. (2018, May 4). “Ruminations: Methane Math and Context.” https:// lachefnet.wordpress.com/2018/05/04/ruminations-m ethane-m ath-a nd-c ontext/.
5. US Environmental Protection Agency. (2025, January 16). “Understanding Global Warming Potentials.” https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/understanding-global-warming-potentials.
6. Fee E, Brown TM. (2002). “John Harvey Kellogg, MD: Health Reformer and Antismoking Crusader.” American Journal of Public Health 92(6):935. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.92.6.935.
7. Markel H. (2017, August 18). “Dr. Kellogg’s World- Renowned Health Spa Made Him a Wellness Titan.” PBS NewsHour. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/health/dr-kelloggs-world-renowned-health-spa-made-wellness-titan.
8. Smetana S, Ristic´ D, Pleissner D, et al. (2023). “Meat Substitutes: Resource Demands and Environmental Footprints.” Resources, Conservation and Recycling 190:106831. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106831.
9. Health Research Institute Laboratories. (2019, May 6). “Certificate of Analysis: Impossible Burger and Beyond Meat.” https://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/yesmaam/pages/8069/attachments/original/1557958339/COA_S0004900_Impossible_Burger_and_Beyond_Meat_patty_-_glyphosate.pdf?1557958339.
10. Lozano VL, Defarge N, Rocque L-M, et al. (2018). “Sex- Dependent Impact of Roundup on the Rat Gut Microbiome.” Toxicology Reports 5:96–1 07. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2017.12.005.
11. Mottett A, Steinfeld H. (2018, September 18). “Cars or Livestock: Which Contribute More to Climate Change?” Thomson Reuters. http://news.trust.org/item/20180918083629-d2wf0/.
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